The Role of Literacy in Society Essay Example for Free

The Role of Literacy in Society EssayAdult literacy is essential to the economics of modern nations. It is crucial to individuals to have proficient literacy skills to make a difference to their prosperity. In 2003 the National Assessment of Adult Literacy used the fol impoverisheding as a definition of literacy using printed and written training to function in society, to achieve ones goals, and to develop ones knowledge and potential. This definition does not simply mean comprehending schoolbook it includes the represent of entropy-processing skills that adults use in home, work and community. Literacy can be subdivided into three different categories prose literacy, chronicle literacy, and quantitative literacy. Prose literacy is defined as editorials, novels stories, poems and fiction these can be broken down into two categories expository prose and narrative prose. Expository prose is printed selective schooling that defines, describes, or informs. Narrative prose t ells a story. Prose literacy is divided into 5 different level of learning.The startle level of prose requires a individual to read a short passage of text and locate a single piece of information that is identical with the information given. The secondly level of prose literacy requires a soulfulness to locate a single piece of information in the text, compare and contrast easily identifiable information based on criteria provided in the question, or integrate a few pieces of information, when distracters were present or when low level inferences were required.Level 3 of the prose requires a someone to match literal or synonymous information in the text with that requested in the question, to integrate many pieces of information from dense or long text, or to generate a response based on information that could be easily identified in the text. The fourth level requires a psyche to search by text and match multiple features, and to integrate multiple pieces of information fr om complex passages.The last level requires a someone to search through text and match several features contained in dense text with a number of plausible distracters, to compare and contrast complex information, or to generate new information making high-level inferences. Document literacy is defined documents that are short forms or graphic all in ally displayed information found in everyday life. Some examples of document literacy are job applications, payroll forms, transportation schedule, etc. Document literacy is also divided up into five levels of document literacy.The first level is requires a person to locate information based on a literal match to the question or to enter information from personal knowledge into a document. The bordering level requires the reader to match a piece of information either when several distracters were present or when low-level inferences were required. Level 3 requires a person to integrate multiple pieces of information from one or more do cuments. The fourth level requires a person to perform multiple-feature matches, cycle through documents, and integrate information, all of which required high-level inferences.The fifth level requires a person to search through a complex displays that contained multiple distracters, to make high-level text-based inferences, and to use their change knowledge. Quantitative literacy is information that is displayed visually through graphs, charts, etc. Quantitative literacy like the other types of literacy is divided into five different levels. The first level requires a person to perform single, relatively simple arithmetic operations, such as addition, when the question included the amount to be used and the arithmetic operation to be performed.The second level requires a person to locate numbers by matching the required information with that given, infer the necessary arithmetic operation, or perform an arithmetic operation when the tasks specified the numbers and the operation to be performed. The third level requires a person to locate numbers by matching the required information with that given, infer the necessary arithmetic operation and perform arithmetic operations on two or more numbers, or to solve a problem, when the numbers must be located in the text or document.The fourth level requires a person to perform two or more straight arithmetic operations or a single arithmetic operation, when the quantities could be found in different displays, or when the operations had to be inferred from semantic information given or drawn from prior knowledge. The last level requires a person to perform multiple arithmetic operations sequentially, when the features of the problem had to be extracted from text or when background knowledge was required to determine the quantities or operations needed.The relationship between economy and literacy is a crucial and well documented relationship. In a Canada study close to 50% of adults with a low literacy lived in lo w-income households, compared with only 8% of adults with high literacy lived in high-level incomes. This clearly shows what low literacy is receptive of doing to the economy of the country. Also during that study it found that the risk of living in a household below the poverty lines is six times greater for a person that is at level one than someone that is at level four or five.It did say however the risk is significantly decreased from 50 percent to 22% if the level of literacy is increased from the first level to the second level. The other interesting fact is that women make about half of what men. This translates to all levels of literacy no matter what level of literacy it seems that women make about half of what the men make in that literacy level. If more of the population were literate it would increase the wealth of the entire nation. In conclusion it is clear that adult literacy is essential to the economics of modern nations.Many are below literacy level and these eff ects the economics of a country because the low literacy directly affects the wealth of an individual thus effecting countries wealth. Bibliography 1. The Value of Words Literacy and Economic Security in Canada, Vivian Shalla and Grant Schellenberg The Centre for International Statistics Canadian Council on tender Development 2. Literacy in a thousand words. Beatriz Pont and Patrick Werquin, Education and Training Division, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Published November 2000 3. Hughes, Languages and writing from class.

Economic Commentary Essay Example for Free

Economic Commentary EssayThis article talks about a recent profit in the rove of unemployment in the Euro-zone countries due to the fall of the rate of inflation, which was caused by a cliff in the oil and commodity prices. In this commentary, I will analyze the consanguinity between these two frugal problems, discuss their effects and evaluate the possible solutions.Europes inflation dropped from 1.6% to 1.1% in the last two months. According to economic theory, such a fall in the general price level (PL) is not ideal because it limits economic ingathering. In this case, the decrease of inflation rate is caused by a raise in the short widen aggregate supply (SRAS) due to the fall of the oil and commodity prices. This also reduces the consumers price expectations, thereof decreasing aggregate demand (AD). See graphsThe effects of this situation are double-sided. The fall in the European inflation rate will hurt people with inconsistent incomes, and benefit people with f ixed incomes. Due to the increase in the purchasing power of money, it will hurt borrowers and benefit lenders. As the value of money rises, nest egg will become more productive however, it will cause a fall in expectations that reduces investment in the stock market. Finally, it will discourage the globe of new ventures although, it will prevent future capital flight.In addition to these effects, inflation provokes unemployment. The European Central Bank (ECB) has reported that its unemployment rate rose from 7.9% to 8% in December, as inflation decreased. In the European Union, anyone 15 years of age or older who is not representing but available for work and actively looking for one is considered unemployed. This type of unemployment is classified as cyclical because it varies with the business cycle.In order to understand better how unemployment relates to inflation, the economist A.W. Phillips did several studies screening that there is a trade-off between them. As inflatio n increases, people have more money in their hands. This will encourage the government to increase its spending, hence creating new jobs. Phillips designed a curve (PC) that portrayed the relationship between these contradictory macroeconomic goals.Increasing unemployment has the following economic and social costAccording to Arthur Okun, for every 1% increase in unemployment, there is a 2.5% decrease in the real GDP which will increase government acceptation and budget deficit, leading to a raise in the indebtedness of the countries.More unemployment implies more people insured by the social security programs hence, the government well-being costs will increase. In addition, less people in conditions to pay income taxes will reduce government tax revenues.Unemployment causes an increase in homelessness and, therefore, in road violence and crime. Similarly, it incites alcoholism and drug consumption, as well as immigration and suicides.From the PC, it can be concluded that a high er inflation will decrease the rate of unemployment in the EU. This, according to the article, will be attempted by the ECB through the implementation of discretionary expansionary monetary policy, which consists in a raise in money supply and a decrease in interest rate, to increase AD and lower SRAS. This is a policy taken from the Neo-Keynesian macro-model that believes in interventionism and short run measures to prevent deflation. See graphOne of the strengths of monetary policy is the short recognition, decision and execution lags. According to economists Mendel Gordon and Milton Freedman, they vary from 5-10 months and 6-24 months, respectively. One of its weaknesses, identified by Neo-Keynesian fiscal activists, is the weak colligate between banks and borrowers. This means that, regardless the interest rate changes, expectations remain unchanged. Fiscal activists also believe that monetary policy works indirectly and, thus, more behind however, monetary activists claim tha t it is not slower than fiscal policy.Finally, monetary policy would succeed in increasing the rate of inflation, although it is limited by cash leakages and quint cash. Moreover, Milton Freedman affirms that it may destabilize the economy because of insufficient information. Consequently, it is better to follow the K% rule which consists in the establishment of a constant money growth rate determined by the Central Bank.

National Culture Essay Example for Free

National gardening EssayIn other words, although the concept of nation unfairly characterizes colonized subjects as istorically unified in their primitiveness or exoticness, the terms promise of solidarity and unity often proves helpful nonetheless In their attempts at political amelioration. Fanon encourages a materialist conceptualization of the nation that is based non so untold on collective cultural traditions or ancestor-worship as political agency and the collective attempt to dismantle the economic foundations of colonial rule.Colonialism, as Fanon argues, non only physically disarms the colonized subject but robs her ofa pre-colonial cultural heritage. And yet, if colonialism in this good sense alvanizes the native intellectual to renew contact once more with the oldest and or so pre-colonial spring of life of their good deal, Fanon is careful to point out that these attempts at recovering national continuity throughout history are often contrived and finally se lf-defeating. l am ready to concede, he admits, that on the plane of factual being the past existence of an Aztec civilization does not change anything very much in the diet of the Mexican peasant of today. In the passage below, Fanon explains that national identity only carries meaning insofar as it eflects the combined revoluuonary efforts of an oppressed people aiming at collective liberation A national culture is not a folklore, not an abstract populism that believes It can discover the peoples true nature.It Is not make up of the Inert dregs of gratuitous actions, that is to say actions which are less and less attached to the ever-present reality of the people. A national culture is the full-page body of efforts made by a people in the sphere of thought to describe, Justify, and praise the action through which that people has created Itself and keeps Itself In existence. Muhammad Slbtaln Haider 11-12-2013National Culture By sibtainJaf because it re-inscribes an essentialist, totalizing, fetishized, often middle-class solidarity and unity often proves helpful nonetheless in their attempts at political but robs her of a pre-colonial cultural heritage. And yet, if colonialism in this sense below, Fanon explains that national identity only carries meaning insofar as it reflects the combined revolutionary efforts of an oppressed people aiming at believes it can discover the peoples true nature. It is not made up of the inert dregs through which that people has created itself and keeps itself in existence. Muhammad Sibtain Haider

Merger of JP Morgan Chase Co

Merger of JP Morgan Chase CoExecutive SummaryThis root on the Banking industry consist the jointure of JP Morgan Chase Co. It argues that the experience of Banking industry in the US is unique and likewise the impact of the merger in JP Morgan Chase Co. It is not paradigmatic also tells that all in all banks are not driven efficiently. The paper talks about the merger of JP Morgan Chase Co. using The Porters The Fishb oneness Model. elude of ContentsExecutive Summary 1Table of Contents 21. INTRODUCTION 31.1 Overview of Banking Industry in US 31.2 Overview of JP Morgan and Chase 32. STUDY OF MERGER BETWEEN JP MORGAN chase after (2000) 42.1 Purpose of the study 52.2 Signifi quarterce of this study 52.3 Limitations 53.RESEARCH MODEL 63.1. The Fish Bone Model 63.2 Elements of the Model 73.3. Previous Research Findings 83.4. Critics for the Previous Research 84.PREVIOUS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 95.CONCLUSION 101. INTRODUCTION1.1 Overview of Banking Industry in USThis paper on the Ban king industry consist the mergers of banks with a special emphasis on the US banks. It argues that the experience of Banking industry in the US is unique and it is not paradigmatic also tells that all banks are not driven efficiently. Mergers in banks arise beca implement of macro structural circumstances and shifts to strategic motives in a result of date (Benston, Hunter, Wall, 1995). Over the few years, bank mergers and acquisitions puzzle been occurring at a very high rate.During the recent decades the US banking system is experiencing an intense structural change which is accident at a very rapid place. When banks document deposits made by guests create credit evaluations and move funds they process in produceation. The banks and the pecuniary function industries entrants have been very overmuch affected by the current information processing revolution.The banks are moderately transforming themselves from intermediaries that have loans, deposits and securities in their balance sheets into brokers who originate loans and then apportion them to others who obtain securitized assets. This change has occurred collectable to rapid increase of the technical advancements in processing information.1.2 Overview of JP Morgan and ChaseJPMorgan Chase Co. is one of the worlds largest, oldest, and best-known financial institutions. Since their founding in New York in the year 1799, they have succeeded and grown by listening to their customers and also by meeting their needs. Being a global financial services firm and with operations in to a greater extent than 50 countries, JPMorgan Chase Co. combines two of the worlds best and premier financial brands J.P Morgan and Chase. JPMorgan Chase Co. is a leader in financial services for consumers investment banking financial transaction processing small business and commercial banking private equity and asset management. JPMorgan Chase Co. serves millions of consumers in the United States and also the worlds mos t prominent corporate, institutional and government clients.JPMorgan Chase Co. is built on the foundation of more than 1,000 predecessor institutions that has come together over the years to form todays company. Their many another(prenominal) well-known heritage banks include J.P Morgan Co., The Chase Manhattan Bank, The First National Bank of Chicago, Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co., Bank i, Chemical Bank and National Bank of Detroit, all(prenominal) closely tied in its time for innovations in finance and for the growth of the United States and global economies. (The History of JP Morgan Chase Co., 2008)2. STUDY OF MERGER BETWEEN JP MORGAN CHASE (2000)On examining, there are four main paths are identified which explains explains the reasons quarter the mergers activity. These paths are related to (1) creating economies of scales, (2) expanding in geographically means, (3) increase the unite big(p) base (size) and harvest-feast offerings, and (4) gaining the market power . In examining these paths, it appears that, at a much higher level in Porters fishbone framework, the mergers are driven by cost reductions than increasing the gross revenue.Global consolidation and Downsizing allowing banks in increasing its size and market capabilities while creating more or less technological efficiencies largely responsible for the cost savings of mergers. The research results on the financial performance of the structured banks have resulted in conflicting conclusions. While some research has found that bank acquisitions are not improving the financial performance of the combined banks (Baradwaj, Dubofsky, Fraser, 1992).When Chase Manhattan announced its merger with J.P. Morgan in September 2000, the companys shares were selling at $52. (Palia, 1994). Today, they make around $30, and the press is alter with reports of the companys performance. Getting larger has not helped Chase Manhattan to get bump. Nor has it helped other companies. The Wall Street J ournal recently reported that the share prices of the 50 biggest corporate acquirers of the nineties have fallen three times as much as the Dow Jones Industrial Average. (Toyne Tripp, 1998). The size counts, especially in addressing the complex problems that span geographies and functions. But bigger doesnt make a company better at serving customers. Chase is the product of two megadeals that came earlier, its mergers with Chemical Manufacturers Hanover and.J.P. Morgan is the part of the venerable House of Morgan which was traditionally a commercial bank, but has aggressively entered the investment banking business. After flirting with other merger partners from Europe and elsewhere, it finally offered the famous name and blue-chip client paradiddle to its fellow New Yorker for about $36 billion in stock. (Madura Wiant, 1994)2.1 Purpose of the studyThe history before the acquisition is very important to consider the outrageousness of the product. In 1991, Chemical Banking Corp. merged with Manufacturers Hanover Corp., keeping the name Chemical Banking Corp., then the second largest banking institution in the United States. In 1995, First Chicago Corp. merged with NBD Bancorp Inc., forming First Chicago NBD Corp., the largest banking company based in the Midwest. In 1996, Chemical Banking Corp. merged with The Chase Manhattan Corp., keeping the name The Chase Manhattan Corp. and creating what then was the largest bank keeping company in the United States.2.2 Significance of this studyIn 2000, The Chase Manhattan Corp. merged with J.P.Morgan Co. Incorporated, in effect combining four of the largest and oldest money center banking institutions in New York City (Morgan, Chase, Chemical and Manufacturers Hanover) into one firm cal conduct JPMorgan Chase Co. In 2004, Bank One Corp. merged with JPMorgan Chase Co., keeping the name JPMorgan Chase Co. In 2008, JPMorgan Chase Co. acquired The Bear Stearns Companies Inc., strengthening its capabilities across a broad range of businesses, including prime brokerage, cash clearing and energy trading globally.2.3 LimitationsIt becomes abundantly clear that there is no clear direction in terms of the mergers and acquisitions that JPMorgan Chase Co. performed in before and after the marriage of the giants happened. The merger was hailed and appreciated at the time when one of the largest mergers was in a vogue. The merger seemed to have happened finished lots of pressure from competition more than anything else. Even after these so many years of being together, it is not very easy to tell if the individual entities are acting as one. (Wilson, 2003)The problem faced is really because of cohesiveness and integration. Although the merger went through the deficiency of a proper restrictive authority to oversee such mergers leads to situations such as the sub-prime crisis of 2007-2008.RESEARCH MODEL3.1. The Fish Bone ModelThe coding plot adopted for the content analysis that was conceptualize d in the Porter strategic model (Porter, 1980) as operationalized in a fishbone analysis framework (Nolan, Norton Company, 1986). The coding of the content of occupation approximates the use of a standardized questionnaire. Hence, content analysis has the advantage of both ease and high reliability, but it may be more limited in terms of content asperity to the extent that the applications reflect the underlying utter merger decision rationale.These four paths are related tocreating economies of scales,expanding geographically,increasing the combined large(p) base (size) and product offerings, andgaining market power.This appears that decreasing costs than increasing gross revenue drives much of the merger activity at a higher. Many of the applications stated that the reduction of costs as a reason for the merger. In addition to it, many of the applications went further than a general statement of cost reduction explaining that the combined institution would create economies of scales which would result in a reduction in costs as justification for their merger/acquisition request.3.2 Elements of the Model-Location-Product-Competitors-Market TrendsHowever, since the merger/acquisitions inside the banking industry should provide certain data (i.e. Community Reinvestment Act compliance or Herfindahl Indexes) to reinforce the merger/acquisition stated rationale, there is more validity in the stated rationale for mergers/acquisitions of this industry than in others using this approach (Cornett De, 1991). The use of the widely accepted Porter strategic model provides an appropriate framework for both inductive and deductive conclusions.3.3. Previous Research FindingsThe model provides a tight linkage to the strategy literature for validity of the coding categories. More than that, the use of multiple coders and a referee insure a high degree of reliability in coding effort. For for each one application, two coders independently code each paragraph and the res ults are entered into a spreadsheet for data management purposes. The results of the two coders were then compared, and, if there was any disagreement, the referee discussed the differences with the other coders and made a final determination. For each application, a resultant tabulation was created and overlaid upon the fishbone for visual inspection. Hence, this model contains the come up numerical count of the entire sample.3.4. Critics for the Previous ResearchPrevious literature finds an empirical test of links between mergers and financial performance, measured in terms of either profitability or operating efficiency (Berger, Demsetz, Strahan, 1999). The US experience cannot be a global paradigm because US banks has dominance in the global financial arena. Prior to the US bank merger wave, the banks that operated with long standing geographic restrictions, could not expand their branch networks when market opportunities arose outside their market areas. Hence, a sustained p eriod of banking damage began in 1981.The thrift industry collapsed many banks experienced distress in the early 1980s due to credit problems ranging from Latin American loans, loans in oil-rich domestic areas, loans for corporate mergers and commercial real estate. The failing or disruptive institutions were often are taken over by expansion-oriented commercial banks Nations bank grew through astute acquisitions during the period. Government-assisted mergers accounted for majority of the bank mergers in the United States between 1982 and 1989.This period of distress mergers led to a shift in regulatory philosophy. Until this period, regulators guided by the antitrust law and the Bank Holding Company Acts of 1956 and 1970 placed some restrictions on bank activities and expansion, using the criteria that firms with monopolistic power impart exploit it. In this period, many regulatory economists adopted Chicago new learning approach, which shifted the solicitude from monopoly posit ion to contestability. Regulatory test for market power was weakened, that permitted federal regulators to override product-line and geographic restrictions in approving distress mergers. The Federal Reserve used regulatory flexibility to force modernization in U.S. banking laws. Bank regulators increasingly operated on the premise that the industry is overbanked and financial innovations has made capital and credit universally available. One approach was the emergence of an upscale retail banking strategy.PREVIOUS RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe Banks using this approach identify a preferred customer base to which they can deliver both traditional banking services-short-term consumer loans, long-term mortgages, depository services-and nontraditional services such as mutual funds, insurance, and investment advice. The second and related approach was a shift away from maturity transformation and interest-based income, towards maturity matching, secondary market sales, and fee-based income.Mu ch of the revenue from upscale households take the form of fees, encouraged by the growth of secondary loan markets and of banks involvement in the household portfolio management. The proportion of interest expenses within banks overall expenses is declined since 1982 noninterest income has been an increasing share of bank income since 1978 (DeYoung, 1994).Large banking firms have led to the second phase of the U.S. bank merger wave because they have most aggressively pursued upscale-retail and fee-based strategies. Since the banks are not more efficient or more profitable than the smaller banks they purchase, earnings increase have not financed these acquisitions, while Wall Street has. Wall Streets analysts have adopted the concept of banking industry oversupply capacity and brokers and underwriters have earned the substantial fees from the equity issues that have provided the cash needed to sweeten offers for target banks equity shares (Serwer, 1995) (Chong, 1991).CONCLUSIONAlth ough there are many frameworks used for analysis of other industries, they often do not work within the banking industry because of the imposed regulatory constraints the model reveals that the Porter Model will be suitable in this case for examining the rationale behind the merger/acquisition activity for the banking industry. There are four main paths, for the period examined that explains the reasons behind the mergers/acquisitions activity.Utilizing the synergies between the two partners is a common phrase found throughout the applications. The usual scenario is that the smaller partners will combine with the larger partners in order to prove the economies of scale and also to reduce their combined costs. The remaining three paths are related to increasing gross revenue but at a much lower level on the fishbone framework.Most of the applications justified the merger either directly or indirectly by referencing the combined banks ability to expand geographically into various mar kets that the individual banks had not antecedently had a market presence. As a result, through the geographical expansion, the bank would be able to decrease the total risk as well as increase the sales of the products and, thus, increase overall gross revenue.Many of the merger/acquisition either directly or indirectly justified their mergers through the fact that the combined asset base (size) would be larger and, thus, allowing the banks to make loans to companies that the individual banks could not have previously serviced due to capital base lending regulatory restrictions. In essence, the larger capital base allowed the merged institutions to offer a new product (jumbo loans) to an existing customer or to gain new customer through the new product offering.In addition, on the same path many of the applications justified the merger through the ability to offer a greater array of products. The smaller partner (usually) would be able to offer products already carried by the large r partner and that previously due to the smaller partners size they had not able to offer. In both cases, the merger would allow the combined institution to offer a greater product array increasing their sales and, thereby, increasing gross revenue. The last path deals with the, often, indirect merger justifications of increasing market power. Through the merger, the merged banks would be better able to compete with banks within their market, increasing their product sales, and, thus, their gross revenue.

Fear Of Crime Female Vs Male Criminology Essay

guardianship Of Crime pistillate Vs Male Criminology EssayIntroductionThe aim of idolise of shame across contrastive groups within the community is a major contributor to the G overn workforcets focus on the type of support communities require to maintain the feeling of nearty. By judgement the kinetics of consternation, we ar able to predict areas of likely crime finished understanding the psyche of the predator and alpha type crimes along with some other illegal activities. out-of-pocket to the world(a)ly accepted level of safety within the majority of Australias westernised communities, a common disordered level of continuous attention to immediate self-importance is evident. Therefore, to discard this assessment, the Fear of Crime mingled with genders give be considered across multiple situations rather than localities. The analyses derived in this paper are borne from research surveys de plumpred across a general and random try on of the local community. Thi s go away provide an insight into the relationship in the midst of gender and vulnerability to crime whether it is perceived or actual. The study is especial(a) by number of people in one country and can be treated as base for developing further research.Previous exploreWe all must know and understand care of crime which is explained as peoples emotional response to crime. It can be safely admitted from the surveys conducted that women has more veneration of crime than other commonwealth groups. Fear of crime is associated with perceptions of local worrys, derived mainly from a high incidence of physical and social incivility. Women lease been observed to be amongst the virtually vulnerable groups. There are number of communities having large fear of crime amongst all the population. The problem can be classified as crime as it serious for any segment of population to drop dead with fear of crime. The fear problem has emerged as serious concern since last three decades, a nd statistical figures of Australian women indicate that womens fear of crime is greater among those who become lower incomes, those in the older age groups, and those living with a teammate.Women fear is characterised by dual character namely concrete and form little fear. Concrete fear is the fear associated with certain crimes. The implicit assumption here is that some criminal activities cause more fear than others. For example, rape fear is much more than fear than theft. Formless fear, however, is a more generic or less specific fear of crime. Younger generations have reported higher levels of both types of fear. Studies conclude that younger women reported highest results for concrete fear, or fear of specific crimes. Women consider fear of rape equivalent to fear of murder. Fear is stronger in single as compared to married women. Additionally, experiencing specific offences is better predictor of fear from specific happenings than others. The degree of fear whitethorn di ffer from low to high level. Studies are conducted by providing specific situations to the respondents about the degree of anxiety and fear from the situations. The situations are common in our general routine e.g. a) walking in their region at night, b) taking public transport, c) using a parking garage, and d) universe home. The response categories are segregated as level of fear as non at all worried (0), and worried (1). Logistic regression was utilized to determine the effect of demographic, experiential, and behavioral variables on fear in intravenous feeding situations. absolute majority of women narrated having at least once incidence of craze in last 12 months, approximately two thirds (66.4%) of respondents reported receiving an obscene phone call, small-arm three out of five reported receiving unwanted attention from a extraterrestrial being. Al closely one third (32.4%) reported being followed by a stranger in a way that frightened them. A large proportion of wom en reported being somewhat or very worried walking in their neighborhood at night (61.0%). Factor of personal income is not world-shaking factor in predicting fear plot using public transportation. Women with higher levels of training were 5.2 percent more likely to be worried while in the transportation situation, 5.1 percent more likely to report being worried while in a parking garage solely at night, but 3.2 percent less likely to report fear while home alone in the evening (Scott, 2003).Research studies also indicate that women who have already experienced violence, especially victims of domestic violence, become more solemn for crime as against other women. It was surprising to note from the revelations that 58 per cent of female homicide victims have assailants who are intimates/former intimates. These facts provide a strong argument for early noise to prevent domestic violence and provide assistance to dysfunctional and violent families. In another survey from the sampl e of 6333 respondents, approximately 70% of theWomen felt grievous when walking alone in their area after dark, which is higher than the percentages reported by the 1996 British Crime Survey (47%) and the 1991 Queensland Crime Victims Survey (45.3%). However, these figures are much lower than the result obtained in a study carried out in Edinburgh in 1992 (Carcarh, Mukherjee, 1999).Fear of Crime in the positionUnder the crimes at home, in that respect is important contribution of domestic violence. Under this aspect though domestic violence can impact both genders but the history confirms that chances of crime against women are high. This is mainly due to reason that women may be ex represent to domestic violence at home on regular basis. The domestic violence is a crime and involves sexual abuse (whether you are married to the other person or not) physical abuse or assault (for example, slapping, biting, kicking, and threats of physical violence) damage to dimension or anything you value economic abuse, that is, when the other person keeps money to which you are legally entitled, emotional abuse (that is, degrading or humiliating behaviour, including repeated insults, belittling, blasphemy and threats), and any other controlling or abusive behaviour which poses a threat to your safety, health or well-being. It was been amazing to observe that Women living with a partner are likely to experience greater fear of violence. The research shows that even the conclusion drawn by Madrizs (1997) indicated that women victims of domestic violence have to face violence at home and violence on the streets that other women face, which increase their level of fear of crime in the community. Women facing physical violence by males testament report fear from crime double than the women who have not experience physical violence at all. These results support Madrizs (1997) finding that women victims of domestic violence have to face violence at home and violence on the st reets that other women face, which would increase their level of fear of crime in the community (Carcach, Mukherjee, 1999).The Gender inconsistency in Fear of CrimeStudies have indicated that though both genders are prone to crime but majority of the studies confirm the gender differential is the about consistent finding in the literature on fear of crime.There is reporting of fear of crime by women at levels that are three propagation that of men (Chan, 2008). Since last three decades, thither has been lot of concern about women safety in the police communication in Australia, England, Canada and Wales. Police and local administration issued safety advice to women. oneness of the research studies conducted (Grade 1989) focus on crime prevention indicating women as prime consumers of targeted advice about personal safety. However, review of selective information shows that young men are most at risk to personal violence in public. Despite this, women are considered the most imp ortant constituency for guidance about danger.Literature examineThe effects of demographic variables on fear are mixed. There may be number of incidents of events which can create fear in the minds. One of such(prenominal) thinking is when people walk alone in ones neighborhood at night. Where many demographic variables increase fear while walking in ones neighborhood or being home alone at night (i.e. lower education levels, lower reported personal income, and living in an urban area). mass of people understand fear of crime centered on findings using respondents feelings of fear or worry while walking in their neighborhood at night. There is another fear i.e fear of strangers which has been suitably referred to as stranger danger. During childhood, all of us are told to be wary of strangers. Women fear the danger posed by strange men even though statistics show that women are more likely to be victimized by individuals they know. It would appear that they are most afraid of the surprise sexual attack by the unknown assailant, despite the fact that statistics and public service media campaigns are making women aware of dangers of dating and married situations. Number of survey reports discuss about the fear of crime and indicate relatively small but statistically of import disagreements between fear pass judgment expressed by men and women. Majority of women are believed to be fearful of crime and all men fearless (Gilchrist, 1988). Studies are limited to explain why women might harbor anxiety about their personal safety. Skogan and Maxfield (1981) suggest that womens fear of crime is because of their physical and social openness. Womens fear of sexual assault i.e. fear of rape also causes lack of safety amongst the women.Research QuestionsThis research is to assist with the targeting of safety programs and the determination of focus for future community groups and activities. This paper will address the problem of which gender within the local community fears crime, whether actual or perceived, and the times that they feel most unsafe. By understanding this, programs can be directed towards these groups and the understanding of safety and their options when confronted with a situation can be addressed.Based on collected statically data this paper will directly address the aspects of the genders influence of the fear of crimeDo the different genders fear crime differently?What affect does age have on females fear of crime?Do females feel safer at home during the day or evening?Due to the results of the above previous research and general perception within the Westernised Urban Australian culture, it is expected that females will report a higher level of fear of crime. Because of this the second and third questions within this report will focus on the different generations and locations in which females fear crime including showing the amounts in which it various.If the results unexpectedly show that males are more fearful of crime, then the questions regarding the female generations and locations effects of their perceived fear are quiet warranted and are able to be used to target female related programs.MethodThis abridgment utilises data collected by previous research groups over the past few years. This offers the advantage of including the indexing of generations over time allowing a slightly more average and round return compared to a frozen barb in time. The survey was conducted across all age groups from varying social-economic backgrounds and cultures. Also the location spread of the survey focuses on South East Queensland however reaches into other states and some samples are returned from overseas (Micronesia).Sampling was conducted via a take home survey with instructions included. There was a directed expectation of integrity of answers, which created marginal cross-contamination. Immediately upon completion, surveys were to be returned via either mail or in person allowing coalition and furth er reducing the possibility of corrupted samples.Fear of crime will be the dependent variable and will indicate the level of felt across the genders in varying situations. The gender of respondent is the independent variable which is being assessed as to whether it relates to the fear of crime and in addition to gender, age1and time of day will also be independent variables. all these variables will be determined by the survey responses and the dependent variable will be tested for statistical independence.Analytic TechniquesSummary of analysis completedThe data is presented in tabular format along with graphs and charts. All descriptive statistics is calculated for each variable on interval or ratio scale. Further, data is analysed using statistical techniques such as chi-square test, one- way analysis of variance followed by POST HOC tests, Z-test for comparing mean etc. Level of significance is fixed at 5%. All p-value less than 0.05 will be treated as significant.Dealing with a bsent dataMissing data is almost part of every research. In this study, missing data is limited to a small number of reduces. Hence we opted a list-wise deletion of subjects. Only the subjects with missing data will be eliminated from the study. That is if a subject is missing data on any of the variables used in the analysis, it is completed eliminated.Dealing with outliers, errors etc.Dealing with outliers and errors is very difficult. In this study, we found very less outliers and errors. All subjects with outliers or errors are excluded from the study. Since errors are at random, it makes no much effect on study, if we remove them from the study.Any other problems in completing the analysis (e.g. violations of requirements)Before conducting all parametric tests, all the necessary required conditions are checked and further analysis is done. For parametric tests, normality assumption is checked. All data is found to be approximated normally distributed. duration-wise distributio nGenderFrequencyPercentMale16245.6Female19354.4 pith355100.0FindingsQuestion one or Hypothesis One Does fear of crime differ by gender? control boardgender * horrified group Cross tabulationAfraid giveTotalAfraid Score less than 4Afraid tier between 4-6Afraid Score above 6genderMaleCount836116160% of Total23.5%17.3%4.5%45.3%FemaleCount537664193% of Total15.0%21.5%18.1%54.7%TotalCount13613780353% of Total38.5%38.8%22.7%100.0%Chi- feather TestsValuedfAsymp. Sig. (2-sided)Pearson Chi-Square34.275a2.000Likelihood Ratio36.0682.000Linear-by-Linear standstill33.6501.000N of Valid Cases353 goal Parsons Chi-square is found to be 34.275 with p-value Respondents Perceived Level of Unsafety While at Home During the Day and Gendergender * safe day Cross tabulationsafe dayTotalVery UnsafeUnsafeNeither safe nor unsafeSafeVery safeNever home alone during the daygenderMaleCount134351111155% of Total.3%.9%1.2%10%32.3%.3%451%FemaleCount372472830189% of Total.9%2.0%7.0%20%24.1%.0%55%TotalCount41028 1071941344% of Total1.2%2.9%8.1%31%56.4%.3%100%Chi-Square TestsValuedfAsymp. Sig. (2-sided)Pearson Chi-Square31.670a5.000Likelihood Ratio33.6805.000Linear-by-Linear Association24.3271.000N of Valid Cases344ConclusionParsons Chi-square is found to be 31.670 with p-value Question Two or Hypothesis Two Are older women more fearful than younger women? Graphage * Fear convention Cross tabulationFear GroupTotalFear Score less than 3Fear Score between 4 -6Fear Score above 6age senesce Group 18 -24Count12141440% of Total6.3%7.3%7.3%20.8%Age Group 25-34Count15301358% of Total7.8%15.6%6.8%30.2%Age Group 34-44Count13141138% of Total7.3%5.7%19.8%Age Group 45-54Count891027% of Total4.7%5.2%14.1%Age Group 55-64Count66416% of Total3.1%6.8%2.1%8.3%Age group 65 and overCount25613% of Total1.0%4.2%3.1%6.8%TotalCount56786192% of Total29.2%40.6%30.2%100.0%Chi-Square TestsValuedfAsymp. Sig. (2-sided)Pearson Chi-Square7.544a10.673Likelihood Ratio7.51210.676Linear-by-Linear Association.2841.594N of Valid Cases192Conclusion Parsons Chi-square is found to be 7.544 with p-value 0.05 hence there is no significant association between fear and age group. Hence we can conclude that, age is not associated with fear.Average Score of Female Respondents Fear of Crime and Age e.g. Table or graph, ANOVA TestDescriptive (Fear)NMeanStd. leaving95% Confidence interval for MeanLower BoundUpper BoundAge Group 18 -24405.11622.448534.33325.8993Age Group 25-34584.34981.913273.84684.8529Age Group 34-44384.34472.247613.60605.0835Age Group 45-54274.87702.426663.91715.8370Age Group 55-64164.63252.577473.25916.0059Age group 65 and over136.06922.603334.49617.6424Total1924.72262.296714.39575.0495ANOVAfear2Sum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.Between Groups44.03258.8061.700.137 indoors Groups963.4691865.180Total1007.500191Conclusion there is no significant difference in fear score among various age groups. F= 1.70, p 0.05, hence we can conclude that the fear score is almost same among persons of all age groups. Female Respondents Received Level of Unsafety While at Home During the Day and Agee.g. Table or graph, ANOVA TestDescriptive (safe day)NMeanStd. DeviationStd. Error95% Confidence Interval for MeanLower BoundUpper BoundAge Group 18 -24394.3846.84652.135554.11024.6590Age Group 25-34574.2456.66227.087724.06994.4213Age Group 34-44374.00001.20185.197583.59934.4007Age Group 45-54264.3846.75243.147564.08074.6885Age Group 55-64164.06251.06262.265663.49634.6287Age group 65 and over133.69231.03155.286103.06894.3157Total1884.1915.91074.066424.06054.3225ANOVAsafe daySum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.Between Groups7.45451.4911.838.108Within Groups147.653182.811Total155.106187Conclusion there is no significant difference in safe day score among various age groups. F= 7.454, p 0.05, there is no significant difference between feeling safety during day score and age.Female Respondents Perceived Level of Unsafety While At Home Alone After Dark and Agee.g. Table or graph, ANOVA TestNMeanStd. Deviation9 5% Confidence Interval for MeanLower BoundUpper BoundAge Group 18 -24349.17652.256371.303617.0493Age Group 25-34467.91301.945692.135113.6910Age Group 34-44333.57581.250763.13234.0193Age Group 45-54251.17602.597001.040122.4799Age Group 55-64161.51253.23787-2.128432.3784Age group 65 and over112.6364.924422.01533.2574Total1658.23642.0358615.106911.3658ANOVAsafeniteSum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.Between Groups2166.2725433.2541.047.392Within Groups65807.509159413.884Total67973.782164Conclusion there is no significant difference in safe night score among various age groups. F= 1.047, p 0.05, there is no significant difference between feeling safety during night score and age.Question Three or Hypothesis ThreeAverage Score of Female Respondents Fear of Crime and Live Alone E.g. Table or graph, z-test of mean differencesDescriptive (Fear)NMeanStd. Deviation95% Confidence Interval for MeanLower BoundUpper BoundLive Alone1214.66252.321504.24465.0803Dont blend alone176.10002.131315.00427.19 58Total1384.83962.340084.44575.2335ANOVAfear2Sum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.Between Groups30.802130.8025.823.017Within Groups719.4061365.290Total750.208137Conclusion there is significant difference in fear score women who live alone and dont live alone at home. F= 5.823, p Female Respondents Received Level of Unsafety While at Home Alone During the Day and Lives Alone E.g. Table or graph, z-test of mean differences Female Respondents Received Level of Unsafety While a Home Alone After Dark and Lives AloneE.g. Table or graph, z-test of mean differencesNMeanStd. Deviation95% Confidence Interval for MeanLower BoundUpper Boundsafe dayLive Alone1194.1176.912963.95194.2834Dont live alone163.68751.078193.11304.2620Total1354.0667.939993.90674.2267safeniteLive Alone1025.500013.197472.90788.0922Dont live alone142.1429.770331.69812.5876Total1165.094812.419462.81077.3789ANOVASum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.safe dayBetween Groups2.61012.6102.997.086Within Groups115.790133.871Total118.400134safe niteBetween Groups138.7431138.743.899.345Within Groups17599.214114154.379Total17737.957115ConclusionThere is no significant difference in fear score of women who live alone and dont live alone at home during day. F= 2.997, p 0.05, there is significant difference between feeling safety during day score and living alone status.There is no significant difference in fear score of women who live alone and dont live alone at home during day. F= 2.997, p 0.05, there is significant difference between feeling safety during day score and living alone status.Discussion/ConclusionSummary of Results how did you answer each question/hypothesis?Each hypothesis is tested for rejection with appropriate test of significance. The level of significance is set at 5%. All p-values greater than 0.05 will be treated as insignificant and the null hypothesis will be accepted.Implications of findings for theoretical explanationsIn this, out of 355 respondents, 162 (45.4%) are males and 193 (55.6%) are femal es. This study clearly shows that there is significant association between gender and fear of crime (p 0.05). The level of fear is almost equal among all age groups in women. No significant difference was found in the average score of fear between different age groups of women (p-value 0.05). There is no significant difference in safe night score among various age groups in women (p-value 0.05). There is significant difference in fear score among women who live alone and dont live alone at home (p Limitations of the ResearchThere are limitations to this study. Firstly the sample size only pertains to only one country and considering all are local population, the data does not give diversity of opinion. Australia is a country where population has settled form wide range of countries and their cultural differences have not been considered.The survey is conducted only in English and non English speaking women must be unable to report their experiences of victimization. As a result, these indicators lack sufficient data regarding the prevalence of violence against immigrant women as well as some groups of Aboriginal women.Majority of countries are carving out silver for preventing violence against women. The real effect is yet to be seen. Future research is required to look into use of these funds and any improvement the funds could generate.Moreover, due to the different sources of data used in this document, comparisons over time and between jurisdictions have been done. Moreover, quantitative data may have serious limitations. They cannot portray the reality of violence in the lives of individual women the fear such violence instills and the trauma it causes. It is the answers of women themselves that is necessary to provide the context and metric grain of that reality. Quantitative data always need to be complemented by qualitative data to give an accurate and complete picture of violence against women.The sample sizes do not permit the disaggregation of data on violence against immigrant and refugee women, women of color, women with disabilities, teenage women and girls, older women, women living in poverty, homeless women, women in rural and remote communities and bisexual women. In the absence of sufficient data on women in all their diversity, these indicators cannot provide a complete profile of the experiences of all women in Australia or their experiences of violence through their lifecycles.It was also noted that there is a lack of national data on the individual economic costs of violence against women including costs of the loss of fiscal supports, legal services, housing, mental and physical health etc.The study has not assumed the percentage of people not reporting crime because of loss of their self reputation. In certain areas, such as violence against women, methodological shortcomings and lack of reporting, or under-reporting, led to inaccurate data collection, and such unreliable or mislea

Essay --

What is commonly referred to as Islamic terrorism is based on grievances in the Muslim world that stem from the perception that the United States is only continuing what the West has done historically interfere with and invade Muslim countries. It isnt McDonalds, its non bikinis, or our form of government, noted one panelists. The United States needs to focus more on using soft power and repairing its reputation rather than big(p) military power.It is important to distinguish among different types of terrorists and deal with each kind accordingly. The strategy used against one type might prove to be counterproductive or have the opposite effect on another group. Panelists agreed it is critical to differentiate between tactical/local terrorists and strategic/global ones.tactical terrorists use violence to achieve a specific political (usually local) goal and are willing to negotiate with their announced enemy. They usually have a political wing along with their military one, which s ignals that the group can be negotiated with and that it has the potential to transform into a more political and social force. Strategic terrorists in severalise are not too concerned with politics and are instead in a state of perpetual global war against perpetual enemies. They wane all other opinions and believe they have a monopoly on truth. Negotiation with such a group is impossible.The goal of an effective counterterrorism strategy would be to gap the alliances that global/strategic groups have with local/tactical ones. This could be done by deterring the local/tactical ones from aiding and operating with Al Qaeda types. Making original the cost of cooperating with Al Qaeda might include the loss of a local groups political objective is... ...with the creation of Resolution 1624 to deal with the incitement of terrorism. So youve got this web, a proliferation of committees on a bureaucratic level to make them look like theyre doing something in the Security Council. But really, theres a lot of overlapping mandates. And a lot of people, including the U.S. government, are scratching their head, wondering really how effective all of these new committees can be in dealing with the problem. And to add to that, an executive board of directors was created with 20 new experts by the counterterrorism committee, that now goes on site visits all over the world. So they have two components to dealing with terrorism. Its really more centre on capacity building, helping states to get the wherewithal, the means to deal with terrorism, than there is any of these compliance issues, reporting them to the Security Council.

Discourse Analysis Essay -- Communication, Identity Work

Analysing discourse is often used by social scientist as an interpretive body of work of real-life situations, because of its ecological validity (Byford, 2009, p. 198). An article, (which will be referred to as textbook) taken from the Blaenau Gwent County Borough Council website (cited in Open University, 2010, pp. 25-26), will be analysed in this essay. Firstly, by establishing some of the discourses and then summarising areas of identity operator work, which is the implementation of identity in (the details of) talk, including how the speaker positions her or himself (Taylor, 2009, p. 186). Discourse is a set of ideas that are shared by (some) members of society, creates identity positions and gives a certain aspect of how the society functions and practices are positively or negatively valued (Taylor, 2009, p. 185). The views and identity positions that throng hold can be formed in many ways and urbanisation is a good example of how values are connected between people and place in the countryside and in cities. Steve Hinchliffe (2009, p. 224) explains how people are seduced by an imaginary of rural life and that peoples opinions of city life are often disconnected. They can associate higher crime, contaminant and violence, in cities, opposed to, rolling hills, clean air and a relaxed way of living in the countryside. Yet, during urbanisation, in the 1830s, many moved from rural areas, to take up residence in cities. And although the attraction to move to urban areas was complex, Hinchliffe (2009, p. 210) points out, cities seemed attractive, they gave opportunities to earn a living wage and increase prosperity even if it was mainly through manufacturing. The text from Blaenau Gwent plays on the myth (discourse) of the idyllic countryside,... ... to these facts. Firstly, it allows visitors to buy into the rural life as it states there are a number of great places to visit, stay and enjoy self-aggrandising the opportunity to act out a personal iden tity and gain pleasure from the area. Secondly, the constant use of adjectives throughout the text, helps to construct a positive stunt woman of the area impression management as Goffman suggests. Overall, we can see how the text uses discourses and the photograph also confirms this, by showing a rural and scenic view of the area. Identities are complex and are made up of more than one thing at a given time, they are not mutually exclusive. The performance of identity in the text is aimed at those who have limited knowledge of Blaenau Gwent. It is a snap shot trying to persuade and convince the reader, which aims to attract tourists kind of than merely present the facts.