The Power Of One :: film essay

The movie was about a boy that wanted every one to come together to visualise each other better and for them to have equal justifiedlys. P.K was a boy that was thought about many things on the people he was thought by his mother about England and by nanny about the Zulu. When P.K. was a small boy he went to a boarding school for the Afrikaans. He was treated big(a) he even almost got killed by Jaapie Botha. When he got out of the school he went to live with Doc a friend of his grandfather. Doc goes to jail because he failed to register when he entered the country since he was coming form Germany P.K. went with him too, to jail. Their he learned to box he was thought by Geel piet a black captive that new how to box, as P.K he became more of a boxer. When he got out of jail he went to box at a gym. He went to school. One daytime in a boxing match P.K fell in love with a girl called Maria Marias. Maria was Afrikaner and wasnt aloud to date a British boy. They started to go out the n decided to get married but that never happened because Maria got killed. P.K. and his friend were teaching the black how to reed and right and that was illegal Maria was teaching too. The Afrikaner army came in and prohibited the school and that started a fight. Maria was running towards P.K. when one of the multitude smashed a chair into Marias face and she died. P.K then left because he was searched by the Afrikaners that wanted him. So he left towards Alexandria. The troops were looking for P.K. and could not find him. The troops killed any black person they could see. Jaapie Botha found P.K and he was going to kill P.K but one of P.K.s friends killed Jaapie Botha. They both escaped from the Afrikaners.There is a lot of sulfur African history in this video because it shows what happen to black people and the British and how they were treated un equal to the Afrikaners. They were all different but that did not ungenerous they had to be treated this way. They were punished by the police real hard for any little insignificant thing. It also shows how they believed that separation was the right thing when it avow wasnt.

COBOL, IS IT GOING AWAY? :: essays research papers

On May 28, 1959, the Conference of Data Systems Languages (CODASYL) met for the first time with the idea of developing a universal diction for building business applications. That language was COBOL. By 1960, COBOL was commercial messagely ready, and for the beside 20 years, more programs were written in COBOL than in any other language. Influenced by FORTRAN, a programming language for the scientific community, and FlowMatic, the group recognized the growing needs of the business community. They thought that if the scientific programmers were going to get a single language, they could do the same for business. In April 1959, at an informal meeting at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, a small group of computer manufacturers, large users and academics asked the Department of Defense (DOD) to head the efforts (The Creation of COBOL,Brandel). The next month, the DOD called the first meeting of CODASYL, which consisted of eight computer manufacturers and a few large use rs. The DOD broke CODASYL into several commissions, and by June, the nine member short-range committee was asked to undertake a six-month investigation into developing the language. DOD made COBOL mandatory for all suppliers of computing hardware and software who were bidding of defense procurements (Encyclopedia of Comp.Sci.,page350). This wring resulted in persuading other suppliers to adopt COBOL also and thus the programming language took off.In addition to machine independence, one of the most important requirements of the language was simplicity. The committee wanted the language to be readable by laypeople, which led to the idea of using English (The Creation of COBOL,Brandel). In addition, computer manufacturers were trying to develop their commercial COBOL compilers while COBOLs specifications were being defined (Creation of COBOL,Brandel). A complete specification was finished in just six months. That was in December 1959. In 1974, COBOL officially changed to four-digit date fields, but that change obviously didnt catch on right away. The COBOL creators played a huge part in the famous Y2K enigma because of the use of two-digit year fields they used and did not fix in time. This huge problem cost many companies millions and they say that many of these companies will not solve the problem within their own business until even as late as 2008.The Y2K problem effected the world as a wholly and showed COBOLs impact globally. Analyst firm Gartner estimates that applications managing about 85 percent of the worlds business data are written in COBOL.

Cloning, Triumph or Tragedy? Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Clone G

Cloning, Triumph or Tragedy? The creation of life through scientific experiments is not a new concept. The idea has been in existence as far back as two hundred years. Mary Shelley was far ahead of her time when she brought the merciful like creature to life in her writing of Frankenstein, The Modern Prometheus. The story of Frankenstein was written as a myth, yet it continues to leave the world intrigued today. The idea of creating homosexual or animal life is now in the making, except there is a twist to creating this new life. It is known as cloning, bringing an exact counter of cells to life to create an animal or a human that is already in existence. Though human life has not yet been a touch off of cloning, the cloning of one lamb has recently occurred. The advantages to cloning as well as many ethical dilemmas will be discussed, According to one document, The applied science to clone is simple, though far from perfect. Various views will also be shared from J. Michael Bis hopsEnemies of Promise. Scientists will express their beliefs in the advancement of technology and the habit of science in todays world. Many definitions of cloning gather in been brought to light by groups and organizations. The American Medical Association defines it as the production of genetic all toldy identical organisms via somatic cell nuclear transfer. Cloning is the method of producing a baby gene that has the same gene as its parent. The idea of cloning all began in 1997 with embryologist, Ian Wilmut, from Roslin Institute in Scotland. He and his colleagues were the first to clone a lamb they named Dolly. Before this experiment was proven successful, cloning was thought to be an unworkable endeavor. It is true that the technology to clone does exist, but ... ... it is human failure that causes problems in our society. People need to think harder about the reality and the effects cloning could have on society before cloning itself becomes real. If human cloning ever do es become legalized and takes place, I surely hope that science doesnt take the unfit rap for it, but the failure of humans instead. We saw Victor Frankensteins failures, we saw other accounts of failures. Maybe we should learn from the various examples, that human life is super fragile and to distort it could change the human race forever. Works CitedBishop, J. Michael. Enemies of Promise. 237-242 Farnsworth, Joseph (2000, April) To Clone or not to Clone. http//farnsworth.tripod.com/Humancloning/cloning_m.htm Marty, Martin (1997, May)A Wolf in Sheeps Cloning. http//thelutheran.org/9705/page26.html Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. 231-235

Euthanasia Essay - The Truth About Assisted Suicide :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

The Truth About Assisted Suicide This essay recognizes that it is hard to tell the truth about assisted suicide. Or rather, its hard to get populate to listen. Folks generally are about as eager to delve into the issue of assisted suicide as they are to work out the detail of their own funeral. Its a delicate and unnerving subject, involving the ultimate issues of life the reality of gay mortality fears about illness, disability, and old age and the loss of loved ones to the dark, wet grave. Nonetheless, this essay intends to tell all these things, since they relate to euthanasia/assisted suicide. Simply getting people to pay close attention to assisted suicide - to carry on with its threat - is often a challenging task. This is even true of people who are religious or prolife, whose faith informs them that death isnt the end but the beginning. I understand the emotional dynamic at work. Life is difficult and worrisome enough without visiting the painful realm of assisted su icide. It is difficult even for deeply religious people, to listen, to heed, and to care enough to become involved. But avoidance of the assisted-suicide issue is a luxury that those who believe in the infinite value of all human life can no longer afford, because scraps over assisted suicide are being waged - and more battles planned throughout the country. Tragically, one major battle has already been lost Oregon legalized assisted suicide in 1994 and the law went into effect in September 1997. Today in the U.S. a small yield of physicians participate actively in their patients suicide, and it is absolutely legal. On the bright side, since 1997, when Oregons voters refused to repeal the states assisted-suicide law, a broad-based national coalition of diverse groups has formed to oppose the death agenda. Disability-rights activists, advocates for the poor, professional person associations in medicine and law, and hospice organizations - all of which tend to be liberal and secul ar - have joined with religious people and traditional prolife activists to oppose medicalized killing. And this collaboration has borne fruit Since 1994 5 states (Maryland, Rhode Island, Louisiana, Iowa, and Michigan) have passed laws explicitly making assisted suicide a crime, while Virginia outlawed it as a civilian wrong, subjecting anyone who assists in a suicide to civil litigation. In November 1998, Michigans voters rejected an initiative to legalize suicide by an overwhelming 71 to 29 percent.

A womans work is never done :: essays research papers

A womans work is never doneMore and more women work outside and inside the home. The double demands shouldered by these women pose a threat to their physical health. Whether you argon an overworked housewife or an exhausted working mother the chances are that you are always one step behind your schedule. No matter how hard women worked, they never ended up with clean homes. Housewives in these miserable circumstances often became hysterical cleaners. They wore their lives away in an endless bend of scouring, scrubbing, and polishing. The increased strain in working women comes from the reality that they carry most of the child-rearing and household responsibilities. According to social trends (1996), women always or usually do the washing in 79 percent of cases and decide the menu 59 percent of the time. Picking up the children at school or doing grocery shopping are just a few of the many typical household-tasks a woman takes on every day.Why are most of these responsibilities bo rne by women? The historical constituent of women is part of the answer. Despite the fact that we know instinctively that caregiving is valuable and important work, it has gone largely unrecognized and unacknowledged because we take it for granted. In the past, many parents snarl that school education for girls was a waste of time, "A womans place is in the home" was the traditional view. In those days, housewives had a tough life and were completely symbiotic on the men for money. There was a lot of drudgery in their lives and the men didnt help with the household chores, it was "womens work". The housewife worked from dawn to dusk and thither was a lot of truth in the old saying "a womans work is never done". However, women have made optimistical progress towards equality and their procedure in the society has been changed dramatically since the last century. Many women stepped out of their home and start to work at factories and offices. The number of working women with children has more than doubled in the past 50 years. While working conditions for women may have improved, there is a lack of appreciation for the notion that work for most women doesnt end at the door of a factory or office. Despite an increase of womens participation in the labour force, womens share of housework has hardly changed in 50 years.

A womans work is never done :: essays research papers

A womans work is never doMore and more women work outside and deep down the home. The double demands shouldered by these women pose a threat to their physical health. Whether you ar an overworked housewife or an exhausted working mother the chances are that you are always one step behind your schedule. No matter how hard women worked, they never ended up with clean homes. Housewives in these miserable circumstances ofttimes became hysterical cleaners. They wore their lives away in an endless round of scouring, scrubbing, and polishing. The increased strain in working women comes from the reality that they carry most of the child-rearing and habitation responsibilities. According to tender trends (1996), women always or usually do the washing in 79 percent of cases and decide the menu 59 percent of the time. Picking up the children at school or doing grocery shopping are just a few of the many typical household-tasks a woman takes on every day. wherefore are most of these respon sibilities borne by women? The historical role of women is part of the answer. Despite the fact that we know instinctively that caregiving is valuable and important work, it has gone largely unacknowledged and unacknowledged because we take it for granted. In the past, many parents felt that school education for girls was a waste of time, "A womans place is in the home" was the traditional view. In those days, housewives had a tough life and were completely dependent on the men for money. There was a lot of drudgery in their lives and the men didnt help with the household chores, it was "womens work". The housewife worked from dawn to dusk and there was a lot of truth in the old saying "a womans work is never done". However, women have made optimistical progress towards equality and their role in the society has been changed dramatically since the last century. Many women stepped out of their home and start to work at factories and offices. The number of wor king women with children has more than doubled in the past 50 years. While working conditions for women may have improved, there is a lack of compass for the notion that work for most women doesnt end at the door of a factory or office. Despite an increase of womens participation in the labour force, womens cope of housework has hardly changed in 50 years.

Equality for Race Essay

As a teenager growing up in the 1990s, I control realized the overwhelming importance of racial disturbity and cooperation in our society. I strongly believe that the key to the success of Americas future is the suspension down of all racial barriers and working together as one, united nation to try to bring this country back to the land of true equal opportunity.These past few years have been trying times for open-mindedness for Americans. Witnessing the vicious beating of Rodney King, the riots that followed the King verdict where Reginald Denny was brutally and senselessly beaten, had the whole country on edge. The single biggest court case in this countrys history that of O.J. Simpson was blanketed with racial overtones. The verdict had the country almost divided over the decision. Now Louis Farrakhan is treatment controversial ideas and beliefs to millions of black men across the nation, creating tension among the races.These incidents only impose more obstacles in America n societys racial relations. But the outperform way to mend these wounds is to create an environment were all races and creeds can work and interact together every day, to better understand and relate to other cultures and their customs, and beliefs on a person-to-person basis.I recently was asked the question when was the last time you discussed racism with someone of another race? One of my best friends is an African-American Metco learner from Dorchester, and another is of Mexican-American decent. We have been friends for so long that we openly discuss racial problems all the time. But I wondered if this question was asked of the entire country how many commonwealth could comfortably and openly discuss their views on racism with a person of different race? Im sure there ar a lot of people who dont have the same opportunity that I do.Creating a multicultural environment, especially at the college level, where you are exposed to so many unique ideas and people, is an excellent start to try to introduce people to others in a time when you are alone for the first time, in a foreign environment, and everyone is looking to make friends.If more people stop being ignorant and start using experience and the past as a teacher, they leave alone see that all the fighting and intolerance doesnt get anyone anywhere. We will see that in adverse times when people pull together, positive things are almost always the result. So I am anxiously hoping to be a positive influence in achieving a multiculturally aware student body, and peradventure if more campuses make this issue a top priority the country will benefit as a whole.

Leadership 101

John C. Maxwell is an Evangelical Christian author, speaker, and pastor. He has written over sixty newss, known internation altogethery as a leadership expert and coach. Dr. Maxwell has co-founded the company Equip, which is a non-profit leadership company. Also he founded The John Maxwell Company, known for training leaders all over the world. He speaks at many companies and different organizations throughout the years, as well write many books indoors that time. He has written books for people who cannot serve up one of his incredible conferences. The book written by John C. Maxwell, titled Leadership 101 What Every Leader Needs to Know. He discussed three chief(prenominal) points all- principal(prenominal)(prenominal) to enhancing people leadership abilities. These points include leadership development, traits of successful leader, and what type of impact a leader could have. The first point Dr. Maxwell explains his concept called The equity of the Lid. In this principle th e lid is the leadership ability that determines a person level of effectiveness. The lower the lid indicates an individual lack of leadership ability which leads to shortsighted effectiveness. On the other hand leaders with greater abilities have greater effectiveness. This means your leadership ability determines your level of effectiveness.Dr. Maxwell said Success is within the reach of everyone, and personal success without leadership brings limited effectiveness (Maxwell 7). Basically leadership and effectiveness goes hand and hand. The next topic Dr. Maxwell discussed in his book was the traits that every leader should posses. One important trait for leaders is self discipline. Dr Maxwell said no matter how gifted a leader is he allow for never reach his full say-so without the application of self discipline (Maxwell 26). Self discipline is the ability to accomplish goals within a genuine time period.In order for a leader to be successful they must be able to manage and pri oritize their time to reach their goals. Another important thing related to time manegment and leadership is where to focus your time. Dr. Maxwell also dicusses the twenty / eighty principle, which states twenty pct of your priorities, will give you eighty percent of the production (Maxwell 30). This means the top twenty percent of an individual leadership produces and the next eighty percent is spent to develop it to its greatest potential. Additional traits important for leaders include character traits and vision.Vision allows you to see the final goal that you want to obtain. A leader also needs to relate or connect with others to address that vision. The last topic Dr. Maxwell discusses was the type of impact a leader could have. A leader needs to be able to influence the people round them. Dr. Maxwell said the true measure of leadership is influence- nothing more, nothing less (Maxwell 61). Basically leadership is influence. Influence can be develop and mapping effectively to get an amazing outcome that every leader wants to see. By having influence you can make your leadership last. A leader is a relentless value measure by succession, said Dr. Maxwell (Maxwell 98). Leaders leave legacy of succession. As I read this book, Ive realize I can be more effective leader by growing and also learning. As I get older, Im getting wiser. indicant this book the points Dr. Maxwell discussed developing and traits of a leader. I have certain traits that each leader has, and Im not using my full potential to be as effective as I can be. Dr. Maxwell asked Will you leave a legacy? (Maxwell 99). I know I will one day leave a legacy in the world. I just need to grow and keep learning to be a sound leader.

B2B – Product Marketing Plan.rev1

The vison of the sheepskinlenlen manufacturing heavens of Australia is to expand its export sales to emerging grocerys in the ASEAN region. Emerging foodstuffplaces are those of the developing countries with noble demand on basic raw materials for clothing manufacturing and other industries related to uses of fiber, plus the corollary crossings from the equivalent category of pains. Emerging markets whitethornbe from developing countries, rather than exceedingly demonstrable ones. The mission would be to penetrate these emerging markets, create a foothold with the right liaison procedures and obtain long term contracts for woollen, wool products and its ancillaries.The chief(prenominal) physical object is to increase the export revenues of the wool manufacturing sector, in that locationby contributing to the GNP and GDP of Australia to improve per capita income and to chip in more employment. The specific objectives are a. To find bulge out the slyness channels of emerging markets in the ASEAN Region and penetrate these markets. b. To develop the right dodge how to penetrate these emerging markets and establish long-term trading activities with the same. c. To look for more uses of the wool fiber as raw material, whether in stack raw wool or wander wool or theoretical account wool.d. To aim exotic investors as allies in the reading of wool fiber for new uses of wool and its corollary products mentioned herein. e. To secure a captured market in exchange for foreign enthronements. 1. 1 Sales Objectives The general sales objective is to establish a continuing and growing demand for export sales of wool, wollen products, probably new developed products out of wool, and corollary wool products, e. g. sheep meat or lambchops and sheep lather. The increase in sales may non actually mean increase in profitablity in the pitiful term.It is the long term objective that is the main focus in order for sales projections to be drawn with ease and fol dispiriteded. Long term projections shadow tho be done if investment-marketing contracts goat alike be drawn with the probable buyer of the manufactured products. It would be an investment laden project, such that the need for investment advise be specifically pinpointed in terms of machinery, labor, working capital of the United States and project costs or, in order to find out the specific uses of the capital investment.From thither, the Return on Investment (ROI) or the Return to Equity (ROE) shtup be calculated and deemed to be viable or feasible to Autralian preferences. Thus, the sales objective considers the long term viability of the project and determines what level of equity the Australians should allow both foreign investor to come in and intervene in the wool industry. 1. 2 crop Positioning There is no substitute for a high quality, optimum priced product and consistent supply and these figures must be the stance of the products.In order to compute fu rther the market position, it is best to enumerate the products that may come from the wool industry, expound the charecteristics of the products and analyze where it uses would be. Thereon, there could be research and development (R&D) to improve the product so that there is value added when it is sold. a. Bulk Raw woollen Fibers Bulk raw wool fibers maybe classified. The usual process slits with sheering, washing, bleaching, drying and bailing. Then there can be classifying, perhaps, into which batch comes from a more mature or younger herd of sheeps or known sheep varieties.Another way, which would need R&D, is to find out how to identify the long fibers from the bunco fibers. Then the method of classification can be into long and short fibers. Machineries can be designed to seggregate which fibers are long or short. Both kind of fibers can be wooven into theoretical account with different characterics and long fibers can be an additive in matress production for car seats. In europium car seats have natural fibers as substitute for foam cushions, and is already a regulation. Foam cushions produce toxic fumes when it burns in trip of accidents.b. woollen Thread If and when wool can be seggregated into long and short fibers, there can also be two kinds of locomote produced. ill-considered fibers testament produce thread with short elasticity because the spinning process produces a more fine textured thread. Long fibers will produce thread that is more elastic, which is wools characteristic and has been accepted by users of this thread. Fine thread from wool can become a new product which can be compared to cotton thread. c. woolen Fabric When wooven into cloth, long fibers make the cloth stretchable.The stretchable fabric is usually apply for insulation such as sweaters and blankets, the main finished products of wool. Although standard woolen fabric is considerably insulation, it has a charcteristic rattling distinct from cotton cloth. The wool fibers are a bit abbrasive and may induce allergy or itchiness to human skin and is generally heavier than cotton fabric. Should there be fine thread from short fibers wooven into wool fabric, then the effect would be fine and lighter cloth, which can become a versatile material in sewing clothes.Definitely, this range of product development needs R&D. d. Sheep Leather Sheep skin can be processed into whip to manufacture rubber position. china and Korea are becoming top producers of rubber shoes. Those countries could be the post area market of sheep leather if it were tanned in Autralia. Thus, tanning sheep leather can become a side manufacturing concern of the wool industry. Cow and kangaroo leather from Australia is already known in the world market. It would not hurt if the sheep leather market can be developed.Rather than disposing sheep skin as fertilizer, it may be manufactured into leather. e. Sheep centerfield or Lamb Chops It is only logical that there is consiste ncy in the supply of raw materials for wool. Thus, backward integration to produce wool becomes an inevitable factor when there are plans to expand the wool market. Therefore, sheep production, which Australia is also known for, becomes an integrated portion of the wool export industry. Sheep are proliferous and multiply like goats and there will be surplus of sheep in terms of number of heads if the wool industry were to expand.Lamb meat can become one of the ancillary products of the wool industry and electrical condenser of processing plants for fresh or even canned sheep meat must be ready when the market is developed. 1. 3 Product Objectives It is best to enumerate again what are the probable export products derived from the wool industry short fiber raw wool, long fiber raw wool, fine wool thread, ordinary wool thread, lamb chops/sheepmeat, and sheep leather. The overall product objective is to enhance the development of products manufactured from the wool sector. This secto r starts from the livestock production of sheep, an integral part of gardening. woolen must not be the only product that can derived from this industry. In terms of short and long fibers that need R&D, new machineries may have to be brought in. This could be done by asking foreign investors to conduct the research, design and fabricate the machinery themselves. The machines needed would pertain to milling machines, weaving, and knitting machines. If mainland China were the choice of partnership, it has already developed its machineries for weaving and knitting. It may be the milling machine that should be designed in order to segregate the short and long fibers before milling into threads.The threads may be further processed so that the texture could be close to or the same as silk, a well known Chinese fabric. In any case, innovation should come in so that the end products becomes a new one and will probably have its place in the fashion world, which is very big business. Should t his happen, there will be curiousity from atomic number 63an buyers, thereby creating a damand, as the capital of fashion is in Paris, France. This would expand the manufacturing sector thereby generating more employment for the locales.In terms of sheep meat, blast freezing and cold storage facilities upgrade may be needed for the expansion of the industry. Foreign investors may also be invited. The same protocol may be applied to sheep leather manufacturing. The machineries acquisition can be negotiated such that it may come in the form of a loan, whereby, part of the payments would be in the form of manufactured products the machineries would churn out. In general, the direction of this concern is towards expanding the manufacturing sector in processing, increase employment, generate export revenues and foreign investments.1. 4 Pricing Objectives General market re-entry, just like pricing, is an art. The general pricing objective is to retain optimum profits that would get the i ndustry in the long term. The volume of business may compensate the optimum profit margins when the demand for the manufactured products increase. The pricing should be generally dismay than competition. This would attract foreign manufacturers to buy the wool and woolen products. When it comes to leather, the pricing should be comparable to hog leather (e.. g. Hush Puppies use hog leather).Only when if it becomes a rage and is highly sought for, should sheep leather prices be increased to a maximum level. Shoes are a basic necessity too. Leather bags and luggage may not be a necessity and fashion trends may dictate the demand for these leather products. When it comes to sheep meat, prices should go lower than that of pork barrel or chicken prices as cheap food is a sign of progress. Generally, product innovation should be one of the largest factors in product objectives. It is a fact that wool has been a fabric since the medieval ages and is outdated.Sheep meat has been a staple food to any(prenominal) countries but has not been promoted as a low cholesterol meat. Sheep skin could have been used only as insulation or rough clothing during the medieval ages also, and not as leather for shoes and bags. Innovation is altering the product so that when it is used or consumed, it is new and attractive. Thereon, consistency in supply and quality again should be sustained. Lastly, when innovation is implemeted, the product or products has to pass the taste and preferences of the target market. Test marketing can be done through the trade envoys in the various embassies.That wold be part of promotion and advertising already. 1. 5 sell Objectives As previously mentioned, one of the objectives is to sell the products to unharmedsalers and not go into direct retailing. The fibers of bulk wool, and wool thread may be sold to textile mill suppliers. The woven fabric may be sold to textile wholesalers whose down the line customers are tailors, haberdashers and manufa cturers of apparel. The leather can be sold to large leather wholesalers. Lastly, the meat can be sold to a main office of a chain of grocery stores. 2. 0 SWOT Analysis of the Products a.Short and Long wool Fibers in Bulk, Fine and Ordinary Wool Thread, and Fine and Ordinary Wool Textile Wool fibers and products are unique in a sense that it provides snap off protection against cold weather. It is organic in nature and does not come from synthetic resins. It has been known to be the source of textile since production in Europe started. Clothing sewn from wool generally cater to residents of temperate and artic countries. Australia, because of its vast grazing lands can produce sheep in voluminous quantities assuring the consistency of supply. These are the strengths of these products.The weaknesses of wool products is that Australias geographic position is far from temperate and artic partition offs that are most populated, no market. On the side of the globe where Australia is l ocated, the most developed market is Japan. Europian markets are not that accessible due to the distance which would increase freight costs. Another weakness is the acceptability of wool sewn clothing. Though fabric from wool make good blankets, its acceptability seem to be outdated because of the emergence of felt and other cotton like materials that are also thick and provides good insulation from the cold.Blankets and sweaters are the most sewn apparel from wool, with the introduction of thicker textile substitutes, the demand for wool decreased. Another weakness is in terms of the acceptability of the fabric when in contact with human skin which may induce allergies. Lastly, the fabric produced is heavier in terms of weight, than other fabrics. Opportunities lie in the current and biggest emerging market, China. China is about 2 billion in population. China is an aggressive market because it has positioned itself in the ASEAN Region with trading agents and its strategy has becom e an open trade insurance policy if proper liaison can be done.With very cheap machineries fabricated from the mainland, it may be possible to negotiate the R&D portion for the bulk wool fiber. The biggest threat comes from its largest competitor, cotton. Cotton is light and is very variable in terms of sewing clothing. Countries producing cotton are located near the tropical zone and are positioned nearer the emerging markets than Australia, meaning the freight costs are cheaper. b. Sheep Leather The strength of this product also lie in Australias cogency to produce it in bulk and it may come out cheaper than cow leather.The probability lie in the huge market in China and Korea for leather and it may mean the introduction of the product at the right quality, quantity and price to garner this market. As earlier mentioned, China and Korea have been manufacturing rubber shoes. The threat is again is in its competitor, cow leather, and Australias own leather production may be the sa me culprit. Balancing the export of the leather products, whether it comes from cow, kangaroos or sheep great power be hard to implement if there is over production. c. Sheep Meat/Lambchops The strength of this product lie in the consistency of production.With the vast grazing lands in Australia and its agriculture technology, sheep production has become comparable with cow production. Australia has gone into export of lamb meat during the mid 90s, but has not fully developed the market potential. Australia is also known for its beef supply, though sheep meat has already been marketed (e. g. Philippines), the market forces somewhat gave the impression that supply is inconsistent. The weakness of this product is its acceptability because of its semi-pungent odor and familiarity has to be transferred to those who would cook it.Sheep meat, the same with goat meet, has to be processed or seared with heat first before it is cooked and the process is just simple heat up of the exposed surfaces. There is a very large market opportunity for this due to two (2) given and existing circumstances (1) there is growing mind about the carrying capacity of bad cholesterol of pork, chicken and beef, and (2) Muslims do not eat beef and they tend to shy away from pork as accustomed practice, instead, goats or sheeps meat is preferred. The Muslim people and Chinese (because of the large population) in the ASEAN would also be in need of food.The opportunity to develop the demand for lambchops or sheep meat exists. This is a very large opportunity because there are large Muslim populations also in the same region. Mindanao in the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore have a significant number of Muslims in their populace. Sheep meat has threats from cheap pork and chicken meat (beef prices are very high). Producers of pork and chicken in the ASEAN have been in the doldrums too because of the high cost of feed ingredients but once in a while there is glut in these part icular markets when the U. S. and Canada dumps its excess production into the ASEAN region.The nations where excess are dumped generally protect their producers by imposing high tariffs for these products and this may also pose a threat if sheep meat becomes a lot cheaper than prices of pork or chicken. 3. 0 Strategies The brand positioning of wool, woolen products, sheep meat and leather may take the low key, low profile stance at first. Raw material from Australia, final product made in China or Korea. Australians may, index as well take advantage of the cheap labor from these manufacturing countries, and should allow the same to manufacture the end or final products such as shoes and apparel.When it comes to sheep meat, it could carry an Australian brand since there is no other large sheep production in the region. The market entry or re-entry strategy can be to invite Chinese investors to conduct the R&D portion for the short and long fiber segregation. Let them develop and fab ricate the machinery then buy the machinery from them with the attentive to supply the manufactured fibers to them also. With fiber segregation, comes thread production, then textile milling or fabric production. The Chinese have already machinery for these and it could be included in the package.It may revolutionize Australias textile industry. The practice of machinery acquisition in exchange of manufactured end product or raw materials have already been done by the Chinese in Thailand and the Philippines. To exemplify, vapor heat treatment plants for mangoes were put up in Thailand in corroboration with a private order and the Thailand giving medication, provided the Chinese will buy the entire mango produced. In the Philippines, decorticating machines for coconut fibers were loaned to a government agency in charge of the coconut industry, provided all the fibers (whether short or long fibers) were bought back.Thus market entry or re-entry is possible with the Chinese, to supp ly the R&D, needed machinery, and provided all the produce would be bought back. The general strategy for market expansion is to let foreign investors come in and put up their own plants to manufacture the mentioned products herein, provided they market the products themselves. Sales strategy advertising is easy with the world(a) upgrade in information technology. But, for the general public to be aware of emerging new policies of trading in Australia could require direct advertising in television and newspapers.This could be done through the trade consuls of the embassies of Australia in the countries within the ASEAN Region. The strategy for product positioning can be generalized to be generic wine sold products at first, and then acquire a brand name later on. This could probably mean that the goods are traded are in bulk status. 3. 1 Sales Strategies For market segmentation, the particulars could be Japan, China, and Muslims from the ASEAN Region. It would be better to cut off the supply with Japan first, let China enter.Market forces should be monitored for control and market research. China has several retail outlets in key cities in Japan (Tokyo, Kyoto, Nagasaki, etc.. ). For Muslims, which would pertain to sheep meat marketing, trade consuls can offer counter trade measures to promote the product. yield trade means there is no change hands of currency but plain barter. This is usually done on a government to government (G-to-G) basis. Stratety in distribution would be in terms of volume. The best would be to allow China to buy all, as this has been their practice with other countries.Slowly remove the Japanese market and let the Chinese do the trading and networking, make the Chinese Australias allies in trading. Definitely there will be some unpleasant reactions with the U. S. and the U. K. with these move, thus the Australian government should be ready for this. 3. 2 Product Strategies The product strategies can come in terms of service and support . When the Chinese have decided to enter into Australian territories, they might as well have some incentives like free trade zones, less tariffs for machineries, dedicated warehouses and naval discounts in berthing their ships.This can justify adjusted lower FOB pricing rates and the high costs of freight.. 3. 3 Pricing Strategies Now that the general strategy is to tap China as an emerging market, at first FOB prices of the manufactured goods must be 5 to 10 per cent lower compared to its competitors. This should be done provided a yearly marketing contract can be inked with the Chinese. Chinese traders practice forard buying which means that they might opt to buy the whole production for one year of a manufacturing plant, securing a low price and selling the manufactured goods when prices of the goods go up.This semi-monopolistic in nature but works very well if a company is into trading and has very huge capital base. Forward buying is very capital intensive. 3. 4 Retail Strate gies The trends for market position of wool and its corollary products should start from the very basic step of the product chain that it can access abroad, the wholesalers. China is a wholesaler and bulk trader. The manufacturing sector of wool and other products must at first, take a stand that their final export product must give a privilege for better profit for the wholesalers as their allies.In the short run, this may mean that in order for the products to penetrate the retail market, other people outside the wholesalers network must be deplored and utilise by the wholesalers themselves. It also may mean that the wholesalers that are buying the final export products could independently establish their own retail chains. Thus, the first position of the wool and other corollary wool products should be that of the wholesalers dominion. The next, and without violation of the terms and conditions with the current wholesalers, would be the retailing sector. 5.0 Budget The product m arketing plan must come in phases therefore, it would be hard to arrive at a fix budget for the wide project cost of implementing the plan. Only in the first phase can a budget be appropriated for approval. The first phase would be to approve the concept and policies in the magistrates of the Australian government and conduct advertising and marketing campaigns for the re-aligned trade and marketing policies through the embassies. TV and newspaper promotions would be the bulk of the cost of the campaign. Let us estimate the allocation at A$ 200,000.00 per country, targeting seven (7) countries total estimated budget is A$ 1. 4MM. This can suffice buying airtime and newspaper publishing for one year. Additional single-liaison staff maybe hired in the embassies but the prototype allowance should be flexible, as Chinese representatives are hungry for wine and dine related negotiations. 5. 0 Future Trends and Issues of Marketing Concern The future trends in the global market more use of organic fibers and leather rather than synthetic substitutes because of the characteristic that synthetics churn toxic fumes when it burns.In the last few decades when there was little awareness on accidents concerning toxic fumes, the trend was to use non-organic fibers. But when research resulted to synthetic fibers as the source of toxicity, the manufacturing sector using synthetics has slowly reverted to organic sources. This is the same trend with foods and sheep meat as health food will become a fad. The future issues that may arise are that of capital charge to Australia from China, exchange rate fluctuations, currency retention in the partner countries. This can be addressed by lowering or totally eliminating the trade deficits betwixt partner countries.Whereas, Australia may buy Chinese machinery and equipment in return for a captured export market, at both profitable levels of operation, ROIs and ROEs can be internally kept a secret within and between both trading par tners. 6. 0 Conclusion The product marketing plan designed herein to increase the export revenues of the wool manufacturing sector in Australia is to garner a corresponding increase in the gross trade revenues of the country as a whole. It must consider the balance of trade with the ally it will do the trading with.In terms of foreign investments, the trading partner, in this particular case it is China, Australia must be very cautious in the pricing of the machineries and the technology that China will bring in. Machineries and technology prices are hard to determine in particular if the entity who would buy such were not involved in the actual design of the latter. Australia could only specify the technical data and the percieved or target outputs of the machineries. At any rate, technology is a fast maturing factor. New technologies emerge as the old ones are still being used.It may be that the cost at the start would be very high, but as the machineries depreciate, the technolo gy depreciates and so with the cost. Further, the after sales service agreement with the Chinese for the machineries could be designed in a such a way that the acquisition of spare parts and other necessary materials to run the machineries can be less costly. These would all depend on the transparency of the trading partner. The logic behind it is that both partners should make enough profits from a sustainable industry and the profits should be declared as transparent as possible.This is the very reason why the long-term goals are the focus of the product marketing plan. The rest of the strategies can be adjusted on the way if the plan implementation should follow another path and not as intended. The planners can think of 1,001 strategies and can implement some of them after the supplying stage. When implementation diverts from what has been as planned, alternative strategies could be applied. The best thing that could happen is to be right the first time, during implementation. References Agdayemawer, M. L. (1992). International marketing strategy.Jaipur, India Printwell. Alexander, P. , Earland, C. , & Hudson, R. F. Wool its chemistry and physics. Argy, F. , & direction for scotch nurture of Australia. (1992). A long term economic strategy for Australia key policy themes an Australia that works, a vision for the future. Melbourne, Vic. perpetration for frugal Development of Australia. Argy, F. , & Committee for Economic Development of Australia. (1993). A long term economic strategy for Australia a discussion paper. Canberra CEDA. Australia. sureness of Agricultural Economics. Wool. Situation and outlook. Canberra A.G. P. S. Australia. Wool Textile Industry Study Group. , & Australia. Dept. of Industry and Commerce. (1980). The Australian wool textile industry a report. Canberra Australian Government Publishing Service. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Wool, Australia. Canberra ABS. Australian Wool Corporation. , & Running Stitch (Textile grou p). (1985). Wool quilts old and new catalogue to an exhibition June 16th to 30th 1985, Wool House. Parkville, Vic Australian Wool Corporation. Baker, M. J. (2000). Marketing strategy and management (3rd ed. ). Basingstoke Macmillan. Bell, M. L., & Vincze, J. W. (1988). Managerial marketing strategy and cases. New York Elsevier. Bosanquet, N. (1977). Economic strategy a new social contract. London Fabian Society. English, W. The textile industry an account of the early inventions of spinning, weaving, and knitting machines. Findlay, C. C. , Itao, M. , & Australia-Japan Research Centre. (1994). Wool in Japan structural change in the textile and clothing market. Pymble, N. S. W. Harper educational Publishers in association with Australia-Japan Research Centre Australian National University. Harvard business review.Marketing strategy series, pts. Hughes, J. (1967). An economic strategy for Labour. London Fabian Society. Indian Statistical Institute. Economic strategy and the Third Plan. International Wool Secretariat. Interior Textiles Group. (1986). Wool upholstery handbook. Ilkley Development Centre International Wool Secretariat. Jenkins, J. G. The wool textile industry in commodious Britain. LEADACHINA INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENTS PTE LTD. (2006). Investments & Trade. 2006, from http//leadachina. en. ec21. com/company_info. jsp LeCouteur, G. S. Wool Modern myths, new horizons, with an introd.Longworth, J. W. , & Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. (1990). The Wool industry in China some Chinese perspectives. originate Waverley, Vic. Inkata Press in association with the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. Maclaren, J. A. (1981). Wool science the chemical reactivity of the wool fibre. Sydney Science Press. Munro, J. H. A. Wool, cloth, and gold the get by for bullion in Anglo-Burgundian trade, 1340-1478. Neal, C. M. , Quester, P. G. , & Hawkins, D. I. (2004). Consumer behaviour implications for marketing str ategy (4th ed.). Boston, Mass. North Ryde, N. S. W. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Onions, W. J. (1962). Wool an introduction to its properties, varieties, uses and production. London E. Benn. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (1981). Emission control costs in the textile industry. Paris Oecd. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Group of Experts on the Social Aspects of New Technologies. (1988). New technologies in the 1990s a socio-economic strategy. Paris Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Ponting, K. G. (1961).The wool trade past and present. Manchester Columbine Press. Ronald, H. B. (1987). Wool before the wind a history of the Ronald family and the Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Company. South Yarra, Vic Landvale Enterprises. Ryder, M. L. , & Stephenson, S. K. (1968). Wool growth. London Academic Press. Stifel, L. D. The textile industry a case study of industrial development in the Philippines. Textile Council O f Australia. Statistical handbook of the textile industry in Australia. Toyne, B. (1984). The Global textile industry. London Boston Allen & Unwin.United Nations Industrial Development Organization. The Textile industry perspectives for industrial development in the second United Nations development decade. New York United Nations. University of New England. Dept. of Adult Education. Wool and wool marketing. White, L. (1981). Wool in wartime a study in colonialism. Sydney Alternative Publishing Co-operative. Winyard, S. (1980). Trouble looming low pay in the wool textile industry. London Low Pay Unit. Woldendorp, R. , McDonald, R. , & Burdon, A. (2003). Wool the Australian story. Fremantle, W. A. Fremantle Arts Centre Press in association with Richard Woldendorp. Wool Research and Development stock (Australia), Australian Wool Board. Wool Production Resarch Division. , Australian Wool Corporation. Production Research Dept. , Wool Research Trust Fund (Australia), Australian Woo l Corporation. Research and Development Dept. , & Australian Wool Corporation. Research projects (Wool Research and Development Fund (Australia)). Sydney Australian Wool Corporation Research and Development Dept. Wool, R. P. (1994). Polymer interfaces structure and strength. Munich Hanser Publishers.

Relation Between Crime, Poverty and Education in Usa

- Statistical analysis of the relation between Crime Rate, Education and P all overty USA, 2009 Sonarika Mahajan 100076 Research Question In this research paper, analysis is done to stop whether the level of genteelness and destitution influence the total crime rate in the United States of America. Using descriptive statistics such a mean, standard deviation, variance, histograms, strewing diagrams and simple derivationar reverse analysis performed upon both independent variables separately, it can be analysed till what extent do these two independent variables, i. . education and mendicancy cause fluctuations upon the dependent variable, in what harmonise (direct or inverse) and of the two independent variables, which is a break out predictor for determining crime rate in USA. information description The states take uped for this study are eminentlighted with yellow in the above map The Data that is used to define our dependent variable include both, violent crime (murd er and non- negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault) as well as property crime (burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson).Crime statistics used in this study are published by FBI (Federal Bureau of Intelligence) serving as a governmental agency to the United States Department of Justice. The independent variable that comments upon the education levels in the United States of America is carried let on by analysing the total number of public high school graduates per state. This data includes students of all the ethnicities for the school year 2008-2009. The education universe in this study is combining weight to the total population of the state.This data has been collected by National Centre for Education Statistics (NCES), which is the primary federal entity that collects education related data in the U. S. and new(prenominal) countries and analyses it. The poverty status for an individual is heedful by comparing his/her income to a preset amount of dollars known as the threshold value. The poverty universe excludes children downstairs the age of 15, people living in military barracks, institutional group quarters and college dormitories. This data is collected by the U. S. Census Bureau, serving as the nigh reliable source about Americas people and economy.All the data collected is cross-sectional, since it was taken during the same time period (year 2009) across different parameters. Also, the outdo of measurement for these variables is the ratio scale, since the ratio between two values is meaningful and the observations are comparable to a zero value. Analysis Mean It is the representative of a central value for a given data set, i. e. average. The mean value for crime variable suggests that in the year 2009, the percentage of crimes being reported in any state of USA was 3. 26%.The mean value for education variable suggests that the percentage of public high school graduates being reported in any stat e of USA was 1% for the same time period. Similarly, the mean value for the poverty variable suggests that the percentage of individuals living infra the poverty line being reported in any state of USA was 13. 54%. Standard deviation & Variance The higher the value of the standard deviation, greater is the dispersion of the data set. Out of the three variables, poverty has the highest standard deviation value of 2. 98.Therefore, the percentage of individuals below poverty level is more widely dispersed over the states as compared to the other two variables. Variance is the average of the sum of squared deviation scores. It is used to compute the standard variation since its a break up means for determining the dispersion of data. It is measured as the square of standard deviation for any data set. Skewness The symmetry of the variable distribution is measured by the help of this statistic. Crime rate has a skewness of 0. 083, making it a symmetrical distributed variable since the value is closer to zero. The education variable is skewed negatively at -. 67 since the variable has visit values, indicating a left skewed histogram. Whereas, poverty shows a positive skewness value of . 670 since its variables have legion(predicate) high values, which justifies the right skewness of the histogram. Simple linear statistical regression toward the mean model a. Crime and Education Y = Dependent variable, Crime X = Independent variable, Education. The regression model is the equivalence that describes how y is related to x. This regression equation is From Table 2. 4 in appendix, the regression equation is, Crime = 6. 17 2. 9 (Education) This regression equation can be graphed as follows assuming ? 0 as the intercept and ? as the slant Here the side ? 1 is negative. Interpretation of the slope For every 1% increase in the number of students being graduated from high school, there is a decrease of 2. 9% in crime activities in the USA. Interpretation of the in tercept Even if there is no variation in the education level, the estimated crime rate would be 6. 17%. The coefficient of determination or r2 It determines the proportion of variation in the dependent variable by the independent variable. From Table 2. 2, r2 = . 181 This states that 18. 1% of the variation in crime rate is explained by regression of education on crime.Since this value is not close to 1, it doesnt seem to be a appropriate predictor to determine the crime rate in USA. opening testing Ho ? 1 = 0 (education is not a useful predictor of crime) Ha ? 1 ? 0 (education is a useful predictor of crime) significance level ? = 0. 05 According to the rejection rule, the null hypothesis will be rejected if p-value ? ?. From table 2. 4, p-value = 0. 019 Since 0. 019 ? 0. 05, we reject the null hypothesis. At 95% confidence level, there is large evidence to conclude that education is a useful predictor for crime in USA since the slope of the regression line is not zero. b. Crime and wantY = Dependent variable, Crime X = Independent variable, need. The regression equation is as follows Plugging in the values to from Table 3. 4, get Crime = 1. 819 + 0. 107 (Poverty) This regression equation can be graphed as follows assuming ? 0 as the intercept and ? 1 as the slope Here the slope ? 1 is positive. Interpretation of the slope For every 1% increase in the individuals below poverty line, there is an increase of . 11% in crime activities in the USA. Interpretation of the intercept With the poverty level remaining constant, the estimated crime rate would be 1. 82%. The coefficient of determination or r2From Table 3. 2, r2 = . 191 This states that 19. 1% of the variation in crime rate is explained by regression of poverty on crime. Hypothesis testing Ho ? 1 = 0 (poverty is not a useful predictor of crime) Ha ? 1 ? 0 (poverty is a useful predictor of crime) Significance level ? = 0. 05 According to the rejection rule, the null hypothesis will be rejected if p-val ue ? ?. From table 3. 4, p-value = 0. 016 Since 0. 016 ? 0. 05, we reject the null hypothesis. At 95% confidence level, there is enough evidence to conclude that poverty is a useful predictor for crime in USA since the slope of the regression line is not zero.Conclusion and recommendations From this study conducted, it is assured that the crime rate in USA is directly proportionate to the people below the poverty line and reciprocally proportionate to the number of high school students graduating in the year 2009. When simple linear regression was performed to both the independent variables separately, the coefficient of determination (r2) and the p-value aided our study to select the variable that was a better predictor for determining the crime rate in America. Poverty, with the significance level of 19. 1% is known to be a better predictor in this case as compared to the 18. % significance level shown by the independent variable, education. This fact was further proved when the p -value for poverty stood at a lower amount as compared to its counterpart. Even though it can be concluded that poverty is a better predictor for crime rate in USA, the level of significance still stands at a diminutive 19. 1%. Much stronger predictors could be used for the above study. GDP, income level, provision of federal aid or booking rate could be a few options to choose amongst. Appendix Table 1. 1 Statistics for crimes reported in 30 states of USA.State Population Violent Crime situation Crime gibe Crime Percentage of Total Crime aluminum 47,08,708 21,179 1,77,629 1,98,808 4. 22 Alaska 6,98,473 4,421 20,577 24,998 3. 58 Arizona 65,95,778 26,929 2,34,582 2,61,511 3. 96 California 3,69,61,664 1,74,459 10,09,614 11,84,073 3. 20 Colorado 50,24,748 16,976 1,33,968 1,50,944 3. 00 computerized axial tomography 35,18,288 10,508 82,181 92,689 2. 63 Florida 1,85,37,969 1,13,541 7,12,010 8,25,551 4. 45 Hawaii 12,95,178 3,559 47,419 50,978 3. 94 Iowa 30,07,856 8,397 69,441 77,838 2. 59Kansas 28,18,747 11,278 90,420 1,01,698 3. 61 knot 99,69,727 49,547 2,82,918 3,32,465 3. 33 manganese 52,66,214 12,842 1,39,083 1,51,925 2. 88 Mississippi 29,51,996 8,304 87,181 95,485 3. 23 Missouri 59,87,580 29,444 2,02,698 2,32,142 3. 88 atomic number 109 9,74,989 2,473 24,024 26,497 2. 72 Nebraska 17,96,619 5,059 49,614 54,673 3. 04 Nevada 26,43,085 18,559 80,763 99,322 3. 76 New Jersey 87,07,739 27,121 1,81,097 2,08,218 2. 39 New Mexico 20,09,671 12,440 75,078 87,518 4. 35 New York 1,95,41,453 75,176 3,78,315 4,53,491 2. 2 North Carolina 93,80,884 37,929 3,44,098 3,82,027 4. 07 North Dakota 6,46,844 1,298 12,502 13,800 2. 13 Oregon 38,25,657 9,744 1,13,511 1,23,255 3. 22 Pennsylvania 1,26,04,767 47,965 2,77,512 3,25,477 2. 58 South Dakota 8,12,383 1,508 13,968 15,476 1. 91 Texas 2,47,82,302 1,21,668 9,95,145 11,16,813 4. 51 Virginia 78,82,590 17,879 1,91,453 2,09,332 2. 66 Washington 66,64,195 22,056 2,44,368 2,66,424 4. 00 Wisconsin 56,54,774 14,533 1,47,486 1,62,019 2. 87 Wyoming 5,44,270 1,242 14,354 15,596 2. 87 Source http//www. fbi. ov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u. s/2011/crime-in-the-u. s. -2011/tables/table-5 Table 1. 2 Statistics for public high school graduates in 30 states of USA. State Population Total Public High School Graduates Percentage of High School Graduates Alabama 47,08,708 42,082 0. 89 Alaska 6,98,473 8,008 1. 15 Arizona 65,95,778 62,374 0. 95 California 3,69,61,664 3,72,310 1. 01 Colorado 50,24,748 47,459 0. 94 Connecticut 35,18,288 34,968 0. 99 Florida 1,85,37,969 1,53,461 0. 83 Hawaii 12,95,178 11,508 0. 89 Iowa 30,07,856 33,926 1. 13 Kansas 28,18,747 30,368 1. 8 Michigan 99,69,727 1,12,742 1. 13 Minnesota 52,66,214 59,729 1. 13 Mississippi 29,51,996 24,505 0. 83 Missouri 59,87,580 62,969 1. 05 Montana 9,74,989 10,077 1. 03 Nebraska 17,96,619 19,501 1. 09 Nevada 26,43,085 19,904 0. 75 New Jersey 87,07,739 95,085 1. 09 New Mexico 20,09,671 17,931 0. 89 New York 1,95,41,453 1,80,917 0. 93 North Carolina 93,80,884 86,7 12 0. 92 North Dakota 6,46,844 7,232 1. 12 Oregon 38,25,657 35,138 0. 92 Pennsylvania 1,26,04,767 1,30,658 1. 04 South Dakota 8,12,383 8,123 1. 00 Texas 2,47,82,302 2,64,275 1. 7 Virginia 78,82,590 79,651 1. 01 Washington 66,64,195 62,764 0. 94 Wisconsin 56,54,774 65,410 1. 16 Wyoming 5,44,270 5,493 1. 01 Source http//nces. ed. gov/CCD/tables/ESSIN_Task5_f2. asp Table 1. 3 Statistics for individuals below Poverty line in 30 states of USA. State Population for whom poverty status is determined Individuals in poverty Percent below poverty Alabama 45,88,899 8,04,683 17. 54 Alaska 6,82,412 61,653 9. 03 Arizona 64,75,485 10,69,897 16. 52 California 3,62,02,780 51,28,708 14. 17 Colorado 49,17,061 6,34,387 12. 90Connecticut 34,09,901 3,20,554 9. 40 Florida 1,81,24,789 27,07,925 14. 94 Hawaii 12,64,202 1,31,007 10. 36 Iowa 29,05,436 3,42,934 11. 80 Kansas 27,32,685 3,65,033 13. 36 Michigan 97,35,741 15,76,704 16. 20 Minnesota 51,33,038 5,63,006 10. 97 Mississippi 28,48,335 6,24,360 21. 92 Missouri 58,18,541 8,49,009 14. 59 Montana 9,46,333 1,43,028 15. 11 Nebraska 17,39,311 2,14,765 12. 35 Nevada 26,06,479 3,21,940 12. 35 New Jersey 85,31,160 7,99,099 9. 37 New Mexico 19,68,078 3,53,594 17. 97 New York 1,90,14,215 26,91,757 14. 16North Carolina 90,95,948 14,78,214 16. 25 North Dakota 6,20,821 72,342 11. 65 Oregon 37,48,545 5,34,594 14. 26 Pennsylvania 1,21,65,877 15,16,705 12. 47 South Dakota 7,82,725 1,11,305 14. 22 Texas 2,41,76,222 41,50,242 17. 17 Virginia 76,23,736 8,02,578 10. 53 Washington 65,30,664 8,04,237 12. 31 Wisconsin 54,95,845 6,83,408 12. 43 Wyoming 5,29,982 52,144 9. 84 Source http//www. census. gov/compendia/statab/cats/income_expenditures_poverty_wealth/income_and_povertystate_and_local_data. html Regression (Independent variable Education)Table 2. 1 Variables landed/Removedb Model Variables Entered Variables Removed Method 1 Educationa . Enter a. All bespeak variables entered. b. Dependent Variable Crime Table 2. 2 Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. erroneous belief of the picture 1 . 425a . 181 . 152 . 67068 a. Predictors (Constant), Education Table 2. 3 ANOVAb Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 2. 784 1 2. 784 6. 189 . 019a Residual 12. 595 28 . 450 Total 15. 379 29 a. Predictors (Constant), Education . Dependent Variable Crime Table 2. 4 Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 6. 165 1. 173 5. 257 . 000 Education -2. 904 1. 167 -. 425 -2. 488 . 019 Regression (Independent variable Poverty) Table 3. 1 Variables Entered/Removedb Model Variables Entered Variables Removed Method 1 Povertya . Enter a. All requested variables entered. b. Dependent Variable Crime Table 3. 2 Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std.Error of the Estimate 1 . 437a . 191 . 162 . 66665 a. Predictors (Constant), Poverty Table 3. 3 ANOVAb Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regre ssion 2. 935 1 2. 935 6. 604 . 016a Residual 12. 444 28 . 444 Total 15. 379 29 a. Predictors (Constant), Poverty b. Dependent Variable Crime Table 3. 4 Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 1. 819 . 575 3. 162 . 004 Poverty . 107 . 042 . 437 2. 570 . 016

Nazi Germany

Nazi Germ some(prenominal) relied heavily on control of the mass media of communications and expression and the mighty propaganda machine played a spanking role in the Nazi fellowship. In 1933 Hitler commented that (Lee, 30) the art of propaganda lies in understanding the emotional ideas of the great masses and finding a way to the heart of the handsome masses. Propaganda was a means to gain and keep the support of the masses and the crude and over simplified weltanschaung (psychology) projected by Nazi propaganda inspired and overwhelmed millions of Germans, promoting the ideological goals of the government activity and the creation of the Fuhrer myth.Passive acceptance of the new regime was converted into active support and used to encourage Germans to pursue national socialistic goals. Through bowl over attempts to create a new social ritual, the Heil Hitler salute, Horst Wessel song and the supremacy of Militaristic uniforms were fabricated to strengthen the individuals id entity with the regime. Music was carefully scrutinized and Jewish musicians such as Mendelson were removed from the list of composers, whilst special places were given to Operas of men such as Richard Wagner as they dealt with heroic German Legends from the past.Modern art was condemned as degenerate and any war and anti nazi ideology literature were burned in the burning of the books on the 10th May 1933. Control of expression and communication is vital for a totalitarian state to be upheld and the Nazis were successful in indoctrinating its peoples and controlling both their expression and communication. According to Kershaw a totalitarian state requires passive and obscure population who are unable to respond however Gobbels turned passive Germans into active Germans. Propaganda during the Nazi regime was totalitarian in intent, however did not forgather a totalitarian outcome.From a cultural perspective, Nazi Germany does not fit the social attributes of a totalitarian state whereby the people of the state are a passive population. Germans were encouraged to become part of the greater Volksgemeinschat (peoples community), and this is demonstrated in the Nuremberg rallies, where over one million Germans pledged their support to the Nazi Party through their presence. Strength of Joy a creation company that organised concerts where people would flock together, all in support of the Nazi Regime. The emphasis on separate participation in social activities infiltrated all sections of society especially the early days.Young girls form the age of fourteen joined the Bund Deutscher Madel (League of German matrons and boys were encouraged to join the Hitler Jugend. Hitler fresh person had a membership of 3 500 000 14-18 year olds, a level of voluntary participation before it became law in 1936. Social activities and education for the youth were extremely well coordinated and schools were used for the purpose of indoctrination. All subjects particularly Hist ory and Biology were influenced by both the Nazis determinations to shape the minds of the younger generation as well as trying to achieve an Aryan Herronvolk (master race).Physical education (compromising 15% of school time), was important to encourage competition, enforce discipline and keep them young and healthy- in short pre-war training. Special schools National Political Institute of Education- were provided for the most gifted and talented who were considered to be the future leaders of the third Reich. Despite the indoctrination of student, nonage youth resistance throngs still existed within the period of 1933-1942.White Rose, amongst the most effective condemned the killing of Jews as well as the Swing resistance group who opposed Hitlers beliefs that Jazz and swing music were degenerate. Both groups however were ineffective and exposing led to imprisonment or death. Despite these splinter groups, all sections of society succumbed to the Nazis party direction for partic ipation in both social activities and active support for the regime. The majority of the people embraced Hitler and Nazism with enthusiasm and willingness to support all of their endeavors.

Individual human identity Essay

It besides means that importance of social class decreasing, exactly instead of class the role of status increased rapidly. For voice to show status commonwealth buy expensive cars and exclusive clothes. Differences in social classes could influence soulfulnessal identity, because identity related to social groups to which the identity belongs, for simulation nationality, culture, ethnicity, sexuality, gender and class. First of all identity is a horse sense of self that develops as the child differentiates from parents and family and take a place in society (Jary and Jary, 1991p665). identicalness also formed through some combinations of individualistic choice and structured group membership (for example in Arab countries Muslim women cant rebuff the car). In additional, lot could express their aspects of identity in a different way. For example clothing, which clothes choose to wear to show gender, post modernism or class language, which words to use when people speak wi th fiends to show class, educational background and gender. It is goes without saying that even though class no longer exists, but we could easily identify persons class, status and possessions from their clothing and way of behaving.The principle of the identity is closely linked to the idea of culture. As I take already mentioned identities could also be formed through the cultures to which people belong to. Culture is the language, beliefs, values and norms, customs, dress, diet, roles, knowledge and skills which make up the way of life of an individual society (Ralph Linton, 1945). For example norms and diet, in the UK at 17 oclock most people confine their couple of tea. Culture includes teaching and learning such(prenominal) process like socialization. We gain our identity through socialisation.Socialisation is the process by which we, as individuals, become members of our society or culture. We are also active participants in this process we decide what to accept or reject . Process of learning culture or socialization includes family, school, peer, media and religion. For example family, your parents give you name, first beliefs and tastes school, teaches person rules and gives knowledge religion, teach people to appreciate some values peers, teach person how to socialize media, gives people ideas about gender, status and class.Modern sociologists also recollect that being of a different class may involve differences in culture, economic circumstances, educational status, dietary preferences, housing conditions, property ownership and power. For example, differences in culture, people who are from middle and upper middle class in free time visit museums and theatres, whereas working class visits pubs. One of the important factors in peoples culture and identity is social mobility, the ability to move from one class to another. For example, moving from the working to the middle class.Nowadays class, gender, sex, race and kinship admit less influenc e on human identity. It is becoming more important humans talent, knowledge, ambition and hard working abilities for achieving a good determine in the class system. World sociology has changed greatly, beginning of the XXI centuries gave to the UK a lot of new. New national socio economic classifying statistics (NS SEC), which replaced Registrar Generals classification. New sociologists have another realize on dividing society into social classes.For instance class has been defined consisted of eight major classes. The first four is middle class, which include higher managerial and master copy occupations, lower, intermediate occupations, small employers and own account workers. The other four is manual workers, including lower supervisory and technical, semi routine occupations, routine occupations and never worked people. A galactic and new tendency had happened in modern Britain the number of manual workers declines year by year.If for example in 1911 a percentage of manu al workers was about 81%, in the year 2000 this percentage twice declined and become about 40% of total workforce. This become possible first of all because of exploitation new technologies proficiency makes most manual work. Secondly because of changing of economical situation such as increasing life standards and education system. Traditionally social classes have been the primary(prenominal) concept for understanding society, its behaviour or social conflicts, and predict the main movements of social behavior.Todays sociologists in developed countries see classes like a historical phenomenon. The same view on social classes has Pakulski and Waters. They thought that class is no longer important factor in a human identity. harmonize to Pakulski, we could pick out four main features such as cultuaralism, fragmentation, autonomization and resignification. For instance autonomization, which means that todays people are not told what to do, they do what makes sense to them. For exam ple, British working class is less likely to vote for the British Labour Party than it once was.To sum up, in this essay we discussed the different aspects of inequalities we have seen that the UK is one of the most unequal societies. Inequalities of wealth, which means that one tenth of the UK population owns more than seventy percent of total wealth. Inequalities of income are significant, but welfare insurance of the government such as taxation does have a huge effect in reducing the incomes between rich and poor. Finally, because of the government policy and developing new technologies, class has lost its power in the collective sense, however class would still remain fundamental to culture and human.

Ester Lucero

Cassie Essary Tim Petete Ethnic American Literature November 12, 2009 paragons Psyche in Ester Lucero nonpareil of the most fascinating aspects of any story is the formation of itscharacters. The way the author chooses to describe them, give them personalities, is how the reader will see their lives. A characters psyche and the way he thinks about events around him change the way a reader perceives the story. Authors pull in an amazing chance to shape and bend a story to fit what they want it to be through the characterization of the people they write about.If an author is incapable of making characters believable and understandable, the story wont survive. In Isabel Allendes Ester Lucero, angel is described in a way that makes the reader understand his impulses and desires, even if they areof a completely foreign nature to the reader. Allende is an extremely skilled writer that used her ability to make a character believable to her advantage for this story. Angels psyche is one of the most fire elements of this story. When he returns from the state of war in the jungle, he seems to be in a state of inner turmoil.Hes searching for something to help him deal with the war and the things that he did and saw happen there. When Angel sees Ester Lucero for the first time, he believes that he is seeing a mirage. Nothing could possibly be that perfect, and he has to search her out. When he fin totallyy finds her, he is shamed by his unseemly passion for a child who still had not reached puberty (Pearson 10) as she is 12 and he is 30. Angel gives the impression that he picked Ester as the object of his interest because she is unavailable, therefore he never has to worry about what might happen if he did somehow distinguish her.Although he is attracted to her, he never makes a move to do anything about it, other than watching her walk by on her way to school attendance her when she caught the measles providing her with vitaminsteachingthe multiplication tables ( Pearson 10). The simple fact that he is dumbfounded not to find a whirl of suitors around Ester Lucero (Pearson 10) leads the reader to believe that Ester is unfeignedly not that special or beautiful, but is only special to Angel. Instead, Angel seems to have fixated on Ester as a way of getting past his deliverproblems. Ester became something that he desperately wanted, but could never allow himself to have.She was a child, and he would not allow himself to touch her for that reason, and because his obsession with her is what keeps him going. Ester became the focus of all his attention so he didnt have to deal with anything else in his life. Another issue with Angel is the fact that he has a bullet in his groin. The women of the town question his masculinity and begin to wonder if maybe the malaria or that bullet he has there in his crotch rid him forever of a taste for women (Pearson 10). They dont realize that he has become completely engrossed with Ester and therefore uninter ested in the other women of the town.Since Angel does have a bullet in his groin, and purposefully chose an unavailable young fair sex to fixate on, it makes the reader wonder if the bullet did cause some sort of dysfunction. Perhaps the reason that Angel deliberately chose a girl that he could never have was because he knew women wouldnt want him if they knew that he was impotent. Early on, when it is Angels turn with a bride-for-the-moment he found no consolation he would have to search for that girl, if for no other reason than to determine whether she was a mirage(Pearson 9).This passage leaves the reader hanging as to whether Angel was ineffective to perform, or simply didnt enjoy it. Angels masculinity is questioned by the people of the town, as well as himself throughout the story. The four primary(prenominal) aspects of Angels psyche discussed here really help tell the story of whoand what Angel really is. Ester as a distraction from his own problems shows us that even t hough Angel is an extremely capable man, he cant get past his own demons.Hes a prepare and a combat veteran, yet when he sees a little girl in the crowd, he chooses her to think about in order to avoid his own problems. The magical realism displayed in this story is a stroke of genius by Allende. She uses the herbs to add an element of suspense and terror to the story that wouldnt have been present otherwise. The herbs and dance enable Angel to save Ester while dealing with some of his own problems at the same time. When the town women begin to question Angels masculinity, he does a sort of tailspin into the next main point in his psyche, which is obsessive love.He could probably choose any woman in the town, yet he chooses a 12 year old girl, and the love is not exactly pure. Angels obsessive love ties all four points together nicely. The love he has for Ester is not pure, but obsessive. He chose her because he needed a way to get out of his own head, and maybe because he is impo tent and couldnt deal with the threat to his masculinity, and when he cured her, Angel really just needed a way to outwardly pronounce his capability of taking care of her, even if he could never have her. Works Cited

Development of American economic system

Economics is defined as the itinerary the services to produce goods be allocated among substitute practices to satisfy human wants. In short, economics is the output of goods and services that rescript needs and wants. The history of the join States preservation is one of growth. The amount of goods and services that the United States produces annually has grown significantly in the eventually 100 years. The American economic transcription, including modern developments and trends, are important to American society. The American economic establishment follows an outline for it to be successful.An economic system must determine what and how much product society is producing and how from each one service and good is to be produce. It must also determine how the services and goods are to be distributed to members of society and what the rate of growth per capita income will be. (Mansfield and Behravesh, 1998, p 24) The economic system must find out what its factories are putt ing into stores, how much is being put into stores, how much it will cost to get these products and services into the hands of Americans, and how much money society will make as a whole because of these products and services.This is a unanalyzable system of what goes out must be replaced by something equally as valuable. The United States will gladly give Americans what they need, however, those Americans need to trade cash for it so the workers who made those products can do the same for themselves and their families. In essence, it could be considered a barter system, but instead of trading goods for other goods, Americans trade cash for goods. ultramodern developments have become extremely important in the American economic system. For example, international trade is a modern development that plays a very important role.Many American industries depend on other countries for altogether materials such as coffee, tin, or tea. American exports account for ten percent of its gross domestic product. American society and way of life would have to agitate drastically if trading with other countries was not an option. (Mansfield and Behravesh, 1998) monetary transactions in the form of revolving reliance cards is another important modern development. Although the use of credit began during the time of the Pilgrims, the use of revolving credit cards is a modern development. Credit, as Americans know it today, began in the after-hours 1800s with the advent of credit tokens.This made it faster and easier to extend credit instead of looking up individualist information. In the 1950s, the revolving credit card came into use. People could now borrow money, repay it, and borrow again without having to be approved for a line of credit each time. Today, these credit cards are an easy way to pay for goods and services, and it is used more often than cash. Americans buy everything on credit, including clothing, food, and entertainment. Take away Americans use of credit , and the economy would come to a grinding halt. (The History of Credit & Debit History of Credit Cards., 2009)In conclusion, Americas economic system is a simple one, however, modern developments have complicated it somewhat. International trade and the use of credit in general and revolving credit cards are extremely important because these developments keep the country growing and despicable forward. Many Americans drive foreign cars and drink foreign coffee, a result of international trade. Many Americans use credit to buy houses and food, a result of the advent of credit. Without these developments, American society as the Americans know it would change drastically, creating unnecessary hardship.

The looks and trends of the 70’s and the 90’s Venice Beach 1970’s

If the 1960s popularized the vintage look, characterized by heavy penning, the onset of the 1970s brought with it a penchant for a more(prenominal) natural look. Unlike the heavily made-up look that was very(prenominal) typical of the previous tenners, the fury on one particular part of the face such as the eyes or the lips was replaced by trying to achieve a more natural look. ( plainbeautytips)Very minimal eye makeup replaced four-ply eye makeup and heavily-lined eyes. Black kohl-lined eyes soon became dated. Eye shadow shades were worn often(prenominal) lighter to achieve a more natural effect. There was very little to no impost of mascara. Eyeliner and mascara were used not to achieve a certain look but just to lengthen lashes and consecrate up the eyes a sharpness. Blue eye makeup became so last season.These in additionls were used to rear the features and no longer layered to pull off a certain type of appearance. Natural tone lips replaced the pale, nude and bri ght lipstick colors of the past. Cheeks heavily tinted with blush became a thing of the past, with most of the women, and plane men, opting for a more natural, tanned look. The blush of this decade was more of a golden all everyplace glow. (freebeautytips)During the 1970s, the surfer look became popular. The beach culture became very predominant. The perfect tan became the most sought-after agency accessory. The bake look was achieved all by spending hours in the sun to get bronzed or by faking it using tanning beds. It was also during this period skin bronzers became popular. Tanning lotions flew off the shelves. The vibe of this decade was more of a natural, fresh off the beach appearance, although a lot would look a bit orange from the improper application of tanning lotions. The people of this decade wanted to give the impression that they baked under the sun for hours to get the glow they exuded. (freebeautytips)Women wore less foundation. Those who did use foundation did not follow it up with powder like they did during the past. To dust loose powder after using foundation would lend a more compressed texture. Not dusting the face after applying foundation would result in a shinier face, which was more natural looking. The face of this decade was that of a dewy, more natural look. (freebeautytips)Individualistic, polished, sophisticated 1990sThe decades that came before the nineties had people very conscious about fashion. During the 1990s it seemed that people were to tired to pay too much attention to trends as they did in the recent years. (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)The 1980s was about exaggerated glamour. The 1990s was very casual and laid-back. Emphasis was on comfort, simplicity and less on flamboyance. People wore more jeans and everyone upgrade easy to manage, wash-and-wear hair. There is a bit of parallelism between the makeup trends of the 1970s and 1990s because both decades were reminiscent of the no-natural looking no-makeup l ook.The prevailing look was always paired with matte makeup. The foundation was matte and matched the skin tone. As opposed to the soft dewy look of the 1970s, 1990s makeup was strong, clean and polished. Strong, vulgar lip colors reminiscent of grunge to gothic were the more favored shades for lipstick. During the 90s the grunge was popular. Matte makeup was back, strong, rich earth tones were in vogue as far as makeup was concerned. There was very minimal to no eye makeup. Colors for eye makeup were so-so(p) and usually coordinated with the lip color. Popular lip colors included strong earthy reds that were more towards the browns.Unlike the previous decades where there was a distinct style where hair and makeup are concerned, the 90s look was simple, manageable, and polished. The look was designed for the career woman who had to look good and was always on the go. With more women who chose to pursue their careers, the world of fashion and beauty followed to suit the needs of th e modern, empowered women. Women learned how to chop-chop apply makeup in a few minutes. (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)The preceding years or decades sawing machine women of all ages pile on makeup and beauty products. The women of the 1990s were more concerned about historical beauty and not fashion. The women of the past decades would layer on the makeup, go about their daily business in heavy makeup. This was a far cry in the 1990s.Consumers of this era would opt for enhancing their natural appearance with the use of products that were much lighter and kinder to the skin. This era gave the boost to makeup formulas that promised to cover imperfections without having to use too much products. Cosmetic formulas not only gave the desired coverage but also guaranteed to make ones skin look more radiant and lighter. Some brands would even claim to diminish the appearance of wrinkles and early(a) flaws.Most of the makeup lines that were created by the top makeup artists and be auty icons of that time and are still very big in the present were launched during this period. Fashion and beauty experts would remember Bobbi Brown and Iman among the names that became big hits during the 90s fashion era. (Channel 4)Women also paid more attention to the looks of celebrities and would often request hair stylists and makeup artists cut their hair and to make them look like the stars that they admire. The 1990s was the time when the television comedy situation comedy Friends became a hit. The more popular looks during this time included those of Jennifer Aniston and her co-stars Courtney Cox and Lisa Kudrow. During that time, Aniston sported the now famous Rachel cut. Hair was either worn straight with some bangs or cut with layers.The 90s wouldnt be the 90s without the Spice Girls. With the all-female English pop group entering the entertainment scene in the middle 90s, the looks of each of the girls in the group became popular. Women would want to look sweetly sex y like Emma Bunton as Baby Spice, polished and sophisticated like Victoria Beckham or Posh Spice, brassy and fresh like Melanie Chisholm or Sporty Spice , and dark and exotic like Melanie Brown, also cognise as Scary Spice (Wikipedia)The different looks that each of the Spice Girls made popular also gave rise to individualism or developing owns one style when it comes to fashion and makeup. (Wikipedia)More than beingness stars in the big and small screen, actors and actresses increasingly became the more popular and more watched fashion icons. Whatever they wore and further they looked became the prevalent trend of the era. Hollywood actors and actresses became fashion and beauty icons alongside the supermodels of the runway. Actresses started to grace the covers of fashion magazines more during the 1990s. This observable fact still continues until the present time (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia) Works CitedChannel 4. 1990s. 2007. 18 June 2007freebeautytips. 1970s elbow roo m Disco Makeup and Era Fashions that have a Vintage Flair. 2007. 17 June 2007 .Wikipedia. Spice Girls . 2007. 18 June 2007 .Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 1990s in fashion. 2007. 17 June 2007 .

English Language Advertisement Essay

platform1. Advertising is one of the most prominent and right uses of lyric poem.2. The Features of Advertising.3. Is announce nomenclature normal diction? Does advertising language roughlytimes pass the rules of normal language?4. References.1. Advertising is one of the most prominent and powerful uses of language. Advertising is one of the most prominent, powerful, and ubiquitous contemporary uses of language. Its seductive and controversial quality has attracted consistent and exquisite attention across a range of academic disciplines including linguistics, media studies, politics, semiotics, and sociology. The reasons for this academic interest are far from superficial. The pick up of advertising brings together many of the key social and political issues of our time the new capitalism globalization overconsumption and the environment cultural and individual identities and the communications revolution. It provides insight into the ideologies and values of contemporary societies.Advertisings productive use of language assimilates it a particularly rich site for language and discourse analysis. Operating in wholly media and exploiting the interaction between backchat, sound, and image, it provides a key location for studies of multimodal communication. Simultaneously poetic and commercial, it raises questions about the spirit of creativity and art. Ever since the intensification of advertising in the 1950s, leading scholars pass analyzed its use of language. This new four-volume Routledge major Work brings together for the first time the most seminal and controversial works, allowing users to obtain a extensive and inclusive view of this rewarding topic. It leave alone be welcomed by scholars and other researchers in the field as an invaluable mini library on the language of advertising.2. The Features of AdvertisingAdvertising Language is characterized by the undermentioned features. In any given advertisement these features may appear o r be largely absent, such(prenominal) is the great variety of advertising copy found on promo products such as promotional carry bags and T-shirts. How ever these features may be said to be typical of advertising in general. Even advertisements which do not use the traditional features to attract inform and persuade may be described as creation incontrast to the traditional features. Some modern advertisements appear to be almost dissuading consumers from their product scarcely this is a technique use as a determined way of not conforming to tradition. See Benetton, Marmite. exaggeration exaggeration, often by use of adjectives and adverbs. Frequent use of adjectives and adverbs.A limited range of evaluative adjectives includes new, clean, w darte, real, fresh, right, natural, big, great, slim, soft, wholesome, alter Neologisms may pass water romancety impact, e.g. Beanz, Meanz Heinz, Cookability, Schweppervescence, Tangoed, Wonderfuel Long noun phrases, frequent use of pre and post modifiers for descriptions. Short sentences for impact on the reader. This impact is especially clear at the beginning of a text, often using bold or large type for the Headline or slogan to capture the attention of the reader. Ambiguity is common.This may make a phrase memorable and re-readable. Ambiguity may be syntactic (the grammatical structure) or semantic (puns for example). Weasel words are often used. These are words which suggest a meaning without actually being specific. One type is the open comparative Browns Boots Are Better (posing the question stop than what?) another type is the bogus superlative Browns Boots are Best (posing the question rated aboard what?)Euphemisms Clean Round the Bend for a toi permit cleaner avoids comment on unpleasant things. The unmixed exampe is B.O for body odour (in itself a euphemism for smelly person). Avoidance of negatives (advertising normally emphasises the positive side of a product though see Marmite, Tango, Benetton, for whom it seems that all publicity is good). Simple and Colloquial language It aint half good to appeal to ordinary people, though it is in fact often complex and on purpose ambiguous. Familiar language use of second person pronouns to address an audience and suggest a pally attitude.Present tense is used most commonly, though nostalgia is summoned by the simple past Simple style is most common, my mate Marmite, with the exception of technical vocabulary to emphasise the scientific aspects of a product (computers medicines and cars exactly also hair and cleaning products) which often comes as a complex noun phrase, the new four tramp servo-assisted disc brakes. Repetition of the brand name and the slogan, both of which are usually memorable by impartiality of alliteration (the best four by four by far) rhyme (the cleanest clean its ever been) rhythm (drinka pinta milka day) syntactic parallelism (stay dry, stay happy) association (fresh as a mountain stream).Humour. This can be verbal or visual, further aims to show the product positively. Verbal Puns wonderfuel and graphic positions are common. Glamorisation is credibly the most common technique of all. Old houses become charming, characterful, olde, worlde or unique. Small houses become compact, bijou, snug or manageable.Houses on a busy road become convenient for transport. A caf with a pavement turn off becomes a trattoria, moving up market aspires to be a restaurant, too cramped it becomes a bistro. non enough room to serve it becomes a fast food servery. If the menu is English food it is seeming to be traditional, home-baked or home made if the menu is French the cake will be gateau, the potted meat pat, bits of toast in your soup will be croutons. The decor will be probably chic, possibly Provenal. Finally, potency.Vance Packard (1960) memorably saidThe cosmetic manufacturers are not merchandising lanolin, they are selling hope we no longer buy oranges, and we buy vitality. We do not besid es buy an auto, we buy prestige.3. Is advertising language normal language? Does advertising language sometimes break the rules of normal language? These questions relate to the typeset of advertising language in the stage setting of the readers general companionship of language (we will presume that the language is English). In order to answer them, we must have some conception of what is meant by normal language. The English language has evolved to have many diverse kinds of functionality, to each one of which correspond to different situations and styles of use. From an analytic point of view, it seems to make most sense to understand normal language to include the variety of styles of English that mature speakers and readers control. This will form the backdrop of everyday language in its many functions, against which we can view advertising language.If one looks around in literature on advertising, or searches on the WWW, it is not uncommon to find claims to the effect tha t advertising breaks the rules of normal language and language use. However, from the berth of a professional linguist, few of these claims really seem to be supportable. Now, with the exception of linguists, few people have any reason to pay close attention to the way that language is actually used in its speech community, for a wide range of communicative functions. Like many aspects of human being being and human behavior, our unconscious knowledge of language is much greater than our conscious knowledge of it, so the facts about language that are immediately accessible to the average person only cover part of what the language is and how it is used. move in some text from advertisements that you have found. Can you find any examples of words, phrases or constructions that are truly different from the various varieties that you encounter on a regular basis?These varieties may include informal mouth language between close friends to technical and scientific descriptions (more likely to be written), and everything in between. Doubtless, not all of the text you find will be standardised English, but is any of it not English at all? In doing this exercise, it may be that you will learn more about what creative possibilities your language allows, preferably than how much advertising goes beyond the boundaries of that language. In a recent piteous article in the journal Nature, Pullum and Scholz (2001) point out that, at every level, language has a level of creativity that allows it to be ever-expanding, ever-changing. Even the idea that there is a stock of words which constitute the English language cannot be upheld, because it is always possible to invent new words, and new names in particular. Thus, Here is my new excogitation I call it X is a strategy in everyday English which advertisers can bear off advantage of, when they state Introducing the all-new Y .In an interesting coincidence which illustrates the point very clearly, the Dreamweaver progr am which we have used to construct this website has the command Indent to indent a paragraph, and we used it to format the quote to a lower place from McQuarrie and Micks. In the command menu, the command after this one is Outdent, which makes a paragraph wider. Neither of us had seen this word before, yet we understood its meaning, and certainly did not reject it as non-English. This is not to say that any hit-or-miss new word can be generated for the authors purposes in any context. The Outdent example to a higher place is presented in a very clear context, which makes apprehending its usage and meaning quite clear. We generally find that novel words presented in an advertisement have the same supporting context they may be new, but they are not out of the blue.The work of McQuarrie and Mick (1996) is highly relevant in this context. They place advertising language in the context of the study of rhetoric, and observe A rhetorical figure has traditionally been defined as an artf ul deviation (Corbett 1990). More formally, a rhetorical figure occurs when an formula deviates from expectation, the expression is not rejected as nonsensical or faulty, the deviation occurs at the level of form rather than content, and the deviation conforms to a template that is invariant across a variety of content and contexts.This definition supplies the standard against which deviation is to be measured (i.e., expectations), sets a limit on the amount and kind of deviation (i.e., short of a mistake), locates the deviation at the level of the formal structure of a text, and imposes a grouping need (i.e., there are a limited number of templates, each with distinct characteristics). The unusual aspects of language that we sometimes find in advertising can be fruitfully considered to be examples of artful deviations. 36.3 VW ad (Rolling Stone, may 23, 2002) Heck, its been re-everything-ed.This new verb is coined on the basis of a very robust feature of English, which allows no uns to be used as verbs (see Clark and Clark (1979)). In this case, the new verb is also prefixed and suffixed. Out of the blue, to re-everything would be hard to interpret, but in the context provided by the advertisement, its meaning is clear. In the summer of 2002 the pop group No Doubt had a hit song called Hella Good some of the lyrics are shown here Hella Good (G. Stefani/ T. Dumont/ P. Williams/ C. Hugo/ T. Kanal) You got me feeling hella goodSo lets just keep on dancingYou hold me like you shouldSo Im gonna keep on dancing(Keep on dancing)Hella good is not advertising language, and it is not standard English, but it is certainly pop music English, and it is the kind of phrase that anyone could produce in conversation. In 48 Cointreau (InStyle, August 2002) we find an example of a blend, Be Cointreauversial.